“…Growing experience gradually revealed that Chaussy's failures re sulted from selecting patients with stones deeply embed ded in edematous mucosa which prevented fragment dis persion [10]. Wherever the stone could expand while being disintegrated, fragmentation was successful, and the debris was passed, although more energy and higher impulse rates were needed [11][12][13][14][15][16], The main limitations to treating ureteric stones in situ with the first commer cially available lithotriptor (Domier-HM3, FRG) came from the need to treat the patient immersed in a water bath to reduce energy loss. It proved difficult to focus ure cally by piezoelectric lithotriptors, the energy reaching the ovaries is reduced to a negligible extent.…”