Elevated estradiol levels are correlated with male infertility. Causes of hyperestrogenism include diseases of the adrenal cortex, testis or medications affecting the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. The aim of our study was to elucidate the effects of estradiol treatment on testicular cellular morphology and function, with reference to the treatment regimen received. Testes samples (n = 9) were obtained post-orchiectomy from male-to-female transsexuals within the age range of 26–52 years. Each patient had a minimum of 1–6 years estradiol treatment. For comparison, additional samples were obtained from microscopically unaltered testicular tissue surrounding tumors (n = 7). The tissues obtained were investigated by stereomicroscopy, histochemistry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and immunohistochemistry. Our studies revealed that estradiol treatment significantly decreased the diameter of the seminiferous tubules (p < 0.05) and induced fatty degeneration in the surrounding connective tissue. An increase in collagen fiber synthesis in the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the seminiferous tubules was also induced. Spermatogenesis was impaired resulting in mainly spermatogonia being present. Sertoli cells revealed diminished expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Both Sertoli and Leydig cells showed morphological alterations and glycoprotein accumulations. These results demonstrate that increased estradiol levels drastically impact the human testis.

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Results showed that POP was to a high degree accompanied by moderate-to-severe OAB complaints. Significant long-lasting improvements in bothersome OAB symptoms occurred after adequate surgical reconstruction of anterior/apical and posterior/apical vaginal support.

Objective: The pathogenesis of chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is still incompletely understood. Generally accepted is, that soft tissue structures mutate with age, loose tension and by this can provoke CPP. This raises the question, of whether the bony pelvis underlies comparable age-dependent changes and if so, how this alteration has impact on the static anatomy of the pelvic floor and the suspension and supporting system. Materials and Methods: In order to answer this question we analysed the biological evolution of human beings and checked the historical literature regarding age-dependent static changes of the bony pelvis. Results: The vertical spine position is primarily due to an angulation of the lumbar spine against the sacrum causing a lordotic curve. The upright position of human beings forces the sacrum to curve, age dependent more and more. This leads to a descent of the promontorium causing a lifting of the coccyx and the pubic symphysis. This rotation causes a flatter pelvic floor. Conclusion: The age-dependent, now horizontal positioned pelvic floor provokes an unphysiological stretching on the soft-tissue-pelvic-floor structures causing and boosting a decompensation of the pelvic organ support and suspension system. Overstretched connective tissue, ligaments, nerves and muscles react with pain.

In the past few years it has been clearly demonstrated that the concept of bacterial biofilm production permits an understanding and provides some explanation of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. This concept describes the colonization of catheter surfaces and the movement of bacteria against the urinary flow. It explains the antibacterial resistance of these matrix-enclosed sessile populations of bacteria. The catheter encrustation can be observed as mineralizing bacterial biofilm. The differentiation in swarming cells exposing a much higher activity of the enzyme urease is responsible for the predominant role of Proteus mirabilis in obstructing encrustations. The guidelines for the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections were developed over the past decades by clinicians and are still valid. They can now be better understood taking into consideration these new theories. As overuse of urethral catheters and non-compliance of their recommended use are still apparent, educational and surveillance programmes are needed to help maintain good standards of care.

Normal detrusor pressure alone is not sufficient to achieve opening of the urethra against the elasticity of the constituent tissues, suggesting that normal micturition requires an active mechanism provided by backward-/downward-acting pelvic floor muscles, as predicted by the integral theory.

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The case report demonstrates that in certain select cases of large tumors, organ-preserving surgery could be an alternative approach in combining complete tumor removal with preservation of graft function.