Depressive symptomatology during pregnancy: Evidence for an association with decreased fetal growth in pregnancies of lower social class women.

Abstract

The relationship between depressive symptom scores on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; L. S. Radloff, 1977) at each trimester of pregnancy and a decrement in either fetal growth or gestational duration was evaluated among 666 pregnant women. There was no association overall, but among 222 women from lower occupational status households, each unit increase on the CES-D at 28 weeks gestation was associated with a reduction of 9.1 g (95% confidence interval [CI] = -16.0, -2.3) in gestational-age-adjusted birth weight. When missing data were multiply imputed, the estimate was -4.6 g (95% CI = - 10.7, 1.5). CES-D score was unrelated to fetal growth or gestational duration in analyses among other potentially high-risk subgroups: smokers, women with a history of adverse outcome, and women with social vulnerabilities. These results raise the possibility that among lower status women, depressive mood may be associated with restricted fetal growth.

Weight concerns affect motivation to remain abstinent from smoking postpartum

“…Similarly, many women experience an increase in depressive symptoms toward the end of pregnancy (30)(31)(32), and depressive symptomatolgy is common in the postpartum period. Because mild levels of depressive symptomatology have been associated with a resumption of smoking, independent of nicotine dependence (33), depressive symptoms also may decrease a woman's motivation to remain abstinent postpartum.…”

The Mediating Effect of Perceived Stress in the Relationships among Mindfulness, Self-compassion, and Maternal-fetal Attachment

“…일정 수준 의 스트레스는 어머니라는 새로운 역할을 이행하는데서 발 생하는 자연스러운 반응이지만 (Selye, 1956), 과도할 경우 태아와의 애착이나 신생아기, 영아기 발달까지 영향을 미친 다 (Selye, 1956;Kwon JH, 1996;Kim JW et al, 2004;Kwon MK et al, 2011;Kang SK et al, 2012). 산전에 정신적으로 건강하지 못한 임부는 임신 상태 및 태아에 대하 여 부정적인 느낌이 드는데 (Figueiredo et al, 2009), 이러 한 정신적인 문제는 더 나아가 임신 중 부적절한 행위 자체 에도 직접적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타나고 있으며, 태아의 체중 및 성장 지연아 출산과도 관련이 있다 (Hoffman et al, 2000;Diego et al, 2009;Field, 2011;Kwon MK et al, 2011;Dunkel et al, 2012 (Beddoe et al, 2009;Dunn et al, 2012;Carroll, 2014;Simonian, 2015), 특히 심박 변이도가 개선되는 등 생리적 인 효과 또한 유의미하였다 (Muthukrishnan et al, 2016 (Neff et al, 2007;Yu YH et al, 2010;Cho HJ et al, 2011;Park JS, 2014 (Beddoe et al, 2009;An YG et al, 2011;Dimidjian et al, 2016;Felder et al, 2017). 또 한편 본 연구 결과에서 임부의 지각된 스트레스가 높을수록 태아애착에 좋지 않은 영향을 준다는 기존의 연구 결과를 재확인할 수 있었다 (Kwon MK et al, 2011) …”

Interpersonal Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Perinatal Depression

“…[19] Depresyonu olan annelerin bebekleri, düşük doğum ağırlığı ve gestasyonel yaş için düşük gelişim riski ile de karşı karşıyadır. [20,21] Bu olumsuz etkilerin mekanizması tam olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, maternal depresyonun hipotalamik-pitüiter-adrenal ekseninde disregülasyona neden olarak katekolamin ve kortizol salınımında artışa yol açtığı ve bunun da plasentada hipoperfüzyona sebep olarak bebeğin oksijen ve besin alımını bozduğu öne sürülmüştür. [22] Depresyon ayrıca sezeryan veya forseps gibi müdahaleli doğumlar, doğumun normalden daha ağrılı olması ve bundan dolayı da daha çok epidural analjeziye ihtiyaç duyulması gibi durumlarla da ilişkili bulunmuştur.…”