Diagnostic criteria have been developed for a new eating disorder, binge eating disorder (BED), to describe the many individuals who have problems with recurrent binge eating but do not engage in the characteristic compensatory behaviors of bulimia nervosa, vomiting, or use of laxatives. The results of a multisite field trial involving 1,984 subjects indicate that the disorder is common (30.1%) among subjects attending hospital‐affiliated weight control programs, but is relatively rare in the community (2.0%). The disorder is more common in females than in males and is associated with severity of obesity and a history of marked weight fluctuations. Based on these results, the DSM‐IV Work Group on Eating Disorders has recommended that the disorder be considered for inclusion in DSM‐IV, either as an official category or in an appendix of categories requiring further study.

IMPORTANCE Effective long-term treatments are needed to address the obesity epidemic. Numerous wearable technologies specific to physical activity and diet are available, but it is unclear if these are effective at improving weight loss.OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that, compared with a standard behavioral weight loss intervention (standard intervention), a technology-enhanced weight loss intervention (enhanced intervention) would result in greater weight loss. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS Randomized clinical trial conducted at the University of Pittsburgh and enrolling 471 adult participants between October 2010 and October 2012, with data collection completed by December 2014.INTERVENTIONS Participants were placed on a low-calorie diet, prescribed increases in physical activity, and had group counseling sessions. At 6 months, the interventions added telephone counseling sessions, text message prompts, and access to study materials on a website. At 6 months, participants randomized to the standard intervention group initiated self-monitoring of diet and physical activity using a website, and those randomized to the enhanced intervention group were provided with a wearable device and accompanying web interface to monitor diet and physical activity. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome of weight was measured over 24 months at 6-month intervals, and the primary hypothesis tested the change in weight between 2 groups at 24 months. Secondary outcomes included body composition, fitness, physical activity, and dietary intake. RESULTS Among the 471 participants randomized (body mass index [BMI], 25 to <40; age range, 18-35 years; 28.9% nonwhite; 77.2% women), 470 (233 in the standard intervention group, 237 in the enhanced intervention group) initiated the interventions as randomized, and 74.5% completed the study. Weight change at 24 months differed significantly by intervention group (difference, 2.4 kg [95% CI, 1.0-3.7]; P = .002). Both groups had significant improvements in body composition, fitness, physical activity, and diet, with no significant difference between groups. Standard Intervention Enhanced InterventionWeight, mean (95% CI), kg Baseline 95.2 (93.0-97.3) 96.3 (94.2-98.5) 24 mo 92.8 (90.6-95.0) 89.3 (87.1-91.5) Estimated weight loss, mean (95% CI), kg 5.9 (5.0-6.8) 3.5 (2.6-4.5)CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among young adults with a BMI between 25 and less than 40, the addition of a wearable technology device to a standard behavioral intervention resulted in less weight loss over 24 months. Devices that monitor and provide feedback on physical activity may not offer an advantage over standard behavioral weight loss approaches.

No abstract

WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Family-based, behavioral weight management programs are associated with moderate weight losses and health benefits for school-aged children, but few studies have focused on severely obese children. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Intervention was associated with short-term reductions in obesity and improvements in medical parameters. Sustained decreases in overweight were observed only among children with better session attendance. Chronic care models are indicated to optimize health outcomes for severely obese children.abstract OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy of family-based, behavioral weight control in the management of severe pediatric obesity. METHODS:Participants were 192 children 8.0 to 12.0 years of age (mean Ϯ SD: 10.2 Ϯ 1.2 years). The average BMI percentile for age and gender was 99.18 (SD: 0.72). Families were assigned randomly to the intervention or usual care. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months. The primary outcome was percent overweight (percent over the median BMI for age and gender). Changes in blood pressure, body composition, waist circumference, and health-related quality of life also were evaluated. Finally, we examined factors associated with changes in child percent overweight, particularly session attendance. RESULTS:Intervention was associated with significant decreases in child percent overweight, relative to usual care, at 6 months. Intent-totreat analyses documented that intervention was associated with a 7.58% decrease in child percent overweight at 6 months, compared with a 0.66% decrease with usual care, but differences were not significant at 12 or 18 months. Small significant improvements in medical outcomes were observed at 6 and 12 months. Children who attended Ն75% of intervention sessions maintained decreases in percent overweight through 18 months. Lower baseline percent overweight, better attendance, higher income, and greater parent BMI reduction were associated with significantly greater reductions in child percent overweight at 6 months among intervention participants. CONCLUSIONS:Intervention was associated with significant shortterm reductions in obesity and improvements in medical parameters and conferred longer-term weight change benefits for children who attended Ն75% of sessions.

Although all types of diabetes result in hyperglycemia, the pathophysiology of each type of diabetes is different. These guidelines summarize available data specific to the comprehensive care of youth with type 2 diabetes. The objective is to enrich the recognition of type 2 diabetes in youth, its risk factors, its pathophysiology, its management, and the prevention of associated complications. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Glucose homeostasis is maintained by a balance between insulin secretion from the pancreatic b-cells and sensitivity to insulin in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver (1). When insulin sensitivity declines, insulin secretion must increase to maintain glucose tolerance, and, in most youth, decreased insulin sensitivity due to puberty and/or obesity is compensated by increased insulin secretion. However, when b-cells cannot secrete sufficient insulin to compensate for insulin resistance, abnormalities in glucose homeostasis ensue, potentially progressing to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes as b-cell function deteriorates further (2-9). The relationship between b-cell function and insulin sensitivity in adults and youth has been demonstrated to be a hyperbolic function and can be described mathematically as the product of insulin sensitivity and b-cell function, called the disposition index (DI) (1). The DI essentially expresses the amount of insulin being secreted relative to the degree of insulin resistance and is a constant for a given degree of glucose tolerance in any one individual. Overweight and obesity are major acquired contributors to the development of insulin resistance, particularly in the face of the physiologic insulin resistance characteristic of puberty. Robust pancreatic b-cell compensatory insulin secretion maintains normal glucose homeostasis. However, in adolescents with obesity who develop type 2 diabetes, there is severe peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance, with ;50% lower peripheral insulin sensitivity than peers with obesity without diabetes, along with increased fasting hepatic glucose production and inadequate firstand second-phase insulin secretion, resulting in ;85% lower DI (2). Additional abnormalities in youth with type 2 diabetes include impaired glucose sensitivity of insulin secretion, lower serum adiponectin concentrations, and reduced incretin effect (3,9-13). While upregulation of a-cell function with hyperglucagonemia has been implicated in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in adults (14,15), there are limited data in youth with type 2 diabetes, with studies showing either hyperglucagonemia or no difference from control subjects without diabetes (3,11,16,17). Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in youth with obesity along the spectrum of glycemia from normoglycemia to prediabetes to type 2 diabetes show, as in adults, that b-cell failure with declining insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity results in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in high-risk youth (5-9,18-21). Importantly, however, prior to reaching the American Diabetes Association (...

No abstract

Current and past DSM-IV psychiatric disorders are prevalent among bariatric surgery candidates and are associated with greater obesity and lower functional health status, highlighting the need to understand potential implications for surgery preparation and outcome. Future work also will focus on the course of psychiatric disorder during the post-surgery period and its relationship to weight loss and maintenance.

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is characterized by symptoms of binge eating and compensatory behavior, and overevaluation of weight and shape, which often co-occur with symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, there is little research identifying which specific BN symptoms maintain BN psychopathology and how they are associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Network analyses represent an emerging method in psychopathology research to examine how symptoms interact and may become self-reinforcing. In the current study of adults with a DSM-IV diagnosis of BN (N = 196), we used network analysis to identify the central symptoms of BN, as well as symptoms that may bridge the association between BN symptoms and anxiety and depression symptoms. Results showed that fear of weight gain was central to BN psychopathology, whereas binge eating, purging, and restriction were less central in the symptom network. Symptoms related to sensitivity to physical sensations (e.g., changes in appetite, feeling dizzy, wobbly) were identified as bridge symptoms between BN, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. We discuss our findings with respect to cognitive-behavioral treatment approaches for BN. These findings suggest that treatments for BN should focus on fear of weight gain, perhaps through exposure therapies. Further, interventions focusing on exposure to physical sensations may also address BN psychopathology, as well as co-occurring anxiety and depressive symptoms.