Depression and PTSD in Pashtun Women in Kandahar, Afghanistan

Shin, Sungman; Liw, Lina; Kim, Sung-Jae

doi:10.1016/s1976-1317(09)60020-7

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This association may partly be explained by the fact that hormonal changes associated with the pregnancy, postpartum, and postmenopausal periods of women's lives have been linked to anxiety [ 36 ]. Another possible explanation for this is that Afghan women are more vulnerable to mental disorders due to a lack of mental health facilities and cultural issues [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety and Depression among Hypertensive Outpatients in Afghanistan: A Cross-Sectional Study in Andkhoy City

Hamrah

Ishii

et al. 2018

International Journal of Hypertension

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There is a relationship between mental and physical health. Depression and anxiety are linked with the development of several chronic diseases. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression among adult hypertensive outpatients in Afghanistan. Methods. Two hundred thirty-four consecutive hypertensive patients from December 2015 to August 2016 were recruited to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire, which has scores for classifying the participants having anxiety and depression symptoms. Results. Of the total 234 patients, 81 (34.6%) were males and 153 (65.4%) were females. The mean age was 54.6 ± 12.7 for the hypertensive patients with anxiety and 63.8 ± 15.0 for the hypertensive patients with depression while this figure was 49.5 ± 10.2 for the adult participants in general population in Kabul city (Saeed, 2013). The prevalence of anxiety and depression (42.3% vs. 58.1%) among hypertensive persons is compared with the same mental disorders among Afghan refugees (39.3% vs. 22.1%) in Dalakee Refugee Camp (in Iran) (Hosseini Divkolaye and Burkle, 2017). Of the total participants, 99 had anxiety (42.3%), 136 had depression (58.1%), and 66 had (28.2%) comorbid anxiety-depression. Multivariate analysis was used. For anxiety age, female gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and 2 or more chronic diseases had a significant association. For depression, age and diabetes mellitus had a significant association, and for comorbid anxiety, depression, age, diabetes mellitus, and 2 or more chronic diseases had a significant association. Conclusion. This study shows that anxiety and depression are highly prevalent among hypertensive patients in an outpatient clinic in Afghanistan. There was an association between some sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and anxiety and depression. More studies are needed on a national level to inform the development of strategies for the prevention and control of psychological distress among patients with chronic diseases in Afghanistan.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety and Depression among Hypertensive Outpatients in Afghanistan: A Cross-Sectional Study in Andkhoy City

Hamrah

Ishii

et al. 2018

International Journal of Hypertension

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“…Approximately 50% of Afghanistan women who experienced war had depression, and PTSD after 10 years from the war. 28 In this study, there were no differences anxiety, somatization, and menstrual problems according to length of stay in South Korea significantly. One of the possible reason is that traumatic events of NKWD were severe, so menstrual problems and somatization prolonged.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Association of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization with Menstrual Problems among North Korean Women Defectors in South Korea

Kim

2017

Psychiatry Investig

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ObjectiveNorth Korean women defectors have suffered from anxiety, depression, and somatization after defection. Also they have had many menstrual problems like amenorrhea. This study was done to identify the correlations of anxiety, depression, and somatization to menstrual problems among North Korean woman defectors in South Korea.MethodsThe participants in this study were 126 women from 5 government resettlement centers throughout South Korea. Questionnaires which included State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Center for Epidemiological studies-Depression Scale (CED-S), and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) were used to identify anxiety and somatization. Data were collected between June and September, 2012.ResultsThe women reported the following problems; amenorrhea (9.5%), hypomenorrhea (13.6%), menorrhagia (19.8%), polymenorrhea (13.5%), oligomenorrhea (4.8%), changes in amount of menstrual discharge (4.0%), and changes in amount of blood clot (9.5%). Anxiety (r=0.20, p=0.002), depression (r=0.25, p=0.005), and Somatization (r=0.35, p<0.001) were correlated with number of menstrual problems.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that mental health services need to be taken into account in interventions for North Korean woman defectors to improve their reproductive health including addressing menstrual problems.

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“…As socioeconomic levels can often have significantly more impact on a person's outlook, life outcomes, and behavior (perhaps more so than culture of origin), some of the factors described herein may not apply as much to Afghan families of high socioeconomic status (SES) and high educational attainment as to those without these resources (Manstead, 2018). The divide between the experiences of those with high educational attainment and those with little beyond or no cursory education might be stark enough that scholars such as Shin et al (2009) propose that "specific support and interventions are needed for two risk groups in Afghanistan:…”

Section: Heterogeneity Within Afghan Societymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Another important question to explore in the development of programming would be whether prioritizing cumulative daily stressors or addressing the histories of acute conflict trauma would be paramount in decreasing stress levels. As a note, some studies have found very high numbers of respondents attesting that the solution to their problems and their greatest comfort lies in religion (Scholte et al, 2004;Shin et al, 2009;Wildt et al 2017). This information might lead one to conclude that the integration of spiritual components may be indicated, though it should be noted that this may not be appealing to all women.…”

Section: Proposalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interventions and participatory clinical research for the enhancement of health systems interfacing with displaced Afghan women

Ramos¹

2022

Preprint

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In light of the 2021 United States military withdrawal from Afghanistan and the humanitarian crises of mass displacement and health system strain that have ensued, this article focuses on Afghan family systems as a means of enhancing practitioner awareness of the potential impact of adverse life experiences on resettled Afghans’ receptivity to psychosocial interventions at least partially rooted in Western methodologies. As they bear a disproportionate impact of constraints within Afghan society, and as patriarchal systems affect most of their life domains, in addition to migration and conflict-induced stress, women from Afghanistan may have high baseline trauma levels upon resettlement. In the absence of robust literature on evidence-based psychosocial interventions for this population, ethnographic work and literature on existing clinical models alleged to be compatible with Afghan norms is reviewed and synthesized. The article finds the need for improved provider education in working with foreign-born populations, and thus proposes participatory research design considerations for future clinical studies, elaborating on important considerations for the evaluation of extant understandings following social reorganization on a massive scale.

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Depression and PTSD in Pashtun Women in Kandahar, Afghanistan

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Anxiety and Depression among Hypertensive Outpatients in Afghanistan: A Cross-Sectional Study in Andkhoy City

Anxiety and Depression among Hypertensive Outpatients in Afghanistan: A Cross-Sectional Study in Andkhoy City

Association of Anxiety, Depression, and Somatization with Menstrual Problems among North Korean Women Defectors in South Korea

Interventions and participatory clinical research for the enhancement of health systems interfacing with displaced Afghan women

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