Depression among pregnant women and associated factors in Hawassa city, Ethiopia: an institution-based cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder during pregnancy. It is not only common and chronic among women throughout the world but also principal source of disability in pregnant women. The scarce information and limited attention to the problem might aggravate the consequence of the problem and can limit the intervention to be taken. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with depression among pregnant women in public health institutions, Hawassa, Ethiopia. Methods Institution based cross sectional study was conducted in May to July 2017. Pregnant women were selected by using systematic sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews on socio-demographic, obstetric, psychosocial characteristics and depressive symptoms. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Oslo Social Support Scale (OSS-3) were used to asses’ depressive symptoms and social support respectively. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were carried out. Results The mean age of the respondents was 23.82 ± (SD = 6.65) years. The prevalence of antenatal depression was 21.5%. When we adjusted for the effect of potential confounding variables, being in age group of 20–30 years [AOR = 5.85 (95% CI: (3.70, 10.14)], current pregnancy complication [AOR = 4.98 (95% CI: (3.01, 10.37)], unplanned pregnancy [AOR = 7.12, (95% CI: (3.12, 9.63)], categories of stressors (LTE) Health risk [AOR = 1.76, (95% CI: (1.01, 3.22)], previous history of depression [AOR = 2.76 (95% CI: (1.94, 6.75)], history of abortion [AOR = 1.52, (95% CI:1.04, 5.09)], history of still birth [AOR = 1.18, (95% CI: 1.08, 2.91)], poor social support [AOR = 2.14, (95% CI: 1.49, 3.11)] and poor baby father support [AOR = 3.21 (95% CI:1.93, 6.71)] were significantly associated with antenatal depression. Conclusion For early detection and appropriate intervention, antenatal clinics should develop screening tools for depression during the routine antenatal care.

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anxiety and Depression in Expectant Mothers at Parakou in 2018

“…Although close to the prevalence found in Parakou, that number rather assesses depression particularly at the third trimester (see Table 4). By contrast, Duko et al [14], reported 21.5% as prevalence after a similar study in Ethiopia. Basing on Life Event Scale for Pregnancy Women (LESPW) to assess stress at 12 -16 weeks of pregnancy and at 32 -36 weeks of pregnancy, 11.1% and 10.3% of expectant mothers developed respectively anxiety and depressive mood in Shanghai MCPC District [15].…”

“…Räisänen et al, [20] in Finland (2014), achieved the same conclusions; (celibacy: OR = 2.86; IC 95% [2.62 -3.11]). Besides Weobong et al in Ghana [21] and Duko et al, [14], reported the lack of social support as a factor significantly associated with depression in pregnancy. So, single expectant mothers can be considered as vulnerable because of their poor support.…”

Antenatal depression and its potential causal mechanisms among pregnant mothers in Gondar town: application of structural equation model

“…Additionally, poor personal and social resources were predictors of depression. Unwanted or unplanned pregnancy as a risk factor for antenatal depression has been previously demonstrated in Ethiopia [43,62,63,83,92,100]. Unplanned pregnancies could directly and negatively affect the three social capitals (namely partner support, relationship quality and social support), significantly reduce their buffering role and increase the risk of developing depression.…”

Prevalence and factors associated with depression among pregnant mothers in the West Shoa zone, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

“…Some of the previous studies from Tanzania [28] and Ethiopia [29] reported an almost similar prevalence of 33.8% and 31.5%, respectively. Additional studies from Pakistan [30][31][32], South Africa [16,33,34] and Kenya [35] revealed much higher rates of prevalence of depression during pregnancy, whereas Duko et al and Biratu and Haile [36,37] from Ethiopia, Ogbo et al from Australia [38] and Thompson and Ajayi from Nigeria [39] observed much lower rates of prevalence of antenatal depression. These variations in the prevalence of depression during pregnancy could be attributed to the difference in the study setting, sociodemographic characteristics and the tools used to screen depression among pregnant mothers.…”