Abstract:In this work, DLC lms are prepared by DC-pulsed PECVD after the oxynitriding treatment of V4E high vanadium tool steel. The experimental design includes various power densities (200, 400, 600 and 800 mW·cm ) with an unbalanced bipolar-pulsed voltage. The deposition time is 90 min, and the CH 4 gas ow is maintained at 5 sccm, respectively. The experimental results show the duplex coating layers to have better properties when the DLC lms are treated by an appropriate power density (400 mW·cm ) and the highest po… Show more
“…A comparison of the corrosion resistance for the different duty cycles of DLC/oxynitriding treated V10 specimens is shown in Table 1. Our previous studies have shown that the samples with a lower current density (I corr ) and high polarization resistance (R P ) evidenced better corrosion resistance [4,5]. In this study, the lowest corrosion current (7.9 × 10 −5 A cm −2 ) and highest polarization resistance (1185.21 Ω cm 2 ) of the V10 specimens appeared at the 17 % duty cycle.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 50%
“…As mentioned previously, the oxynitride layer improved not only wear and corrosion resistance but also the intermediate layer. Previous studies indicated that an oxynitride layer could increase DLC films' adhesive strength since passive oxide film (Fe 3 O 4 ) can be used to decrease the microporous structure during the nitriding process [4,5]. In the study, hard and brittle δ-Fe 2 N phases were not found; therefore, the surface brittleness of the oxynitriding layer could be significantly improved.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 82%
“…It has been found that using intermediate layers between the DLC film and the substrate can increase the adhesion strength of the film [13,14]. As studied previously, the oxynitriding layer improves the corrosion properties and the adhesive strength as an interlayer [3][4][5]. Therefore, this research utilized DC-pulsed plasmaenhanced CVD and DLC/oxynitriding duplex treatments to study the characteristics of DLC films and improve the coating properties of V10 tool steel.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…Particularly, the Fe 3 O 4 layer of oxidation treatment can effectively protect and improve steels' erosion and corrosion resistance. Our previous studies showed that the oxynitriding layer could form the passive oxidative film, which improved the adhesive strength as an intermedi-ate layer during the duplex coating treatments [3][4][5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several different techniques have been used for depositing DLC films, such as PVD, RF magnetron sputtering, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and ion beam deposition in recent years. Among them, the most common deposition technique of DLC films is plasma-enhanced CVD [5]. It is worth mentioning that the DC-pulsed plasmaenhanced CVD is a novel method because it is simpler and can be used on an industrial scale at a lower cost [9][10][11][12].…”
In this study, DLC films were coated on oxynitriding-treated Vanadis 10 tool steel using the DC-pulsed plasma CVD technique. The experimental parameters included different duty cycles (9, 13, 17, and 21 %) with asymmetric bipolar-pulsed voltages of -3 kV, a gas flow of CH4 maintained at 15 sccm, and a deposition time of 90 min. Meanwhile, the properties of DLC films were measured by Raman spectroscopy, Rockwell indentation, wear tests, FT-IR, corrosion tests, water contact angle tests, and four-point probes analysis. The experimental results showed that the optimum properties of DLC films occurred at a duty cycle of 17 %. It had the lowest wear volume loss for loads 2 N and 5 N were 3.49 × 10 −3 mm 3 and 4.08 × 10 −3 mm 3 , respectively. Moreover, the optimal DLC films possessed the lowest corrosion current (Icorr = 7.91 × 10 −5 A cm −2 ) and highest polarization resistance (Rp = 1185.21 Ω cm 2 ) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions. The FT-IR spectrum analysis also found that the characteristic peaks of DLC films were generated at positions of 2852 and 2921 cm −1 , and the water contact angle tests showed that the DLC films had great hydrophobicity (78.33 • ). Consequently, the results confirmed that the duplex surface treatment effectively improved the coating properties of Vanadis 10 tool steel. K e y w o r d s : diamond-like carbon (DLC), oxynitriding, Vanadis 10 tool steel, DC-pulsed plasma-enhanced CVD, wear, corrosion, water contact angle
“…A comparison of the corrosion resistance for the different duty cycles of DLC/oxynitriding treated V10 specimens is shown in Table 1. Our previous studies have shown that the samples with a lower current density (I corr ) and high polarization resistance (R P ) evidenced better corrosion resistance [4,5]. In this study, the lowest corrosion current (7.9 × 10 −5 A cm −2 ) and highest polarization resistance (1185.21 Ω cm 2 ) of the V10 specimens appeared at the 17 % duty cycle.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 50%
“…As mentioned previously, the oxynitride layer improved not only wear and corrosion resistance but also the intermediate layer. Previous studies indicated that an oxynitride layer could increase DLC films' adhesive strength since passive oxide film (Fe 3 O 4 ) can be used to decrease the microporous structure during the nitriding process [4,5]. In the study, hard and brittle δ-Fe 2 N phases were not found; therefore, the surface brittleness of the oxynitriding layer could be significantly improved.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 82%
“…It has been found that using intermediate layers between the DLC film and the substrate can increase the adhesion strength of the film [13,14]. As studied previously, the oxynitriding layer improves the corrosion properties and the adhesive strength as an interlayer [3][4][5]. Therefore, this research utilized DC-pulsed plasmaenhanced CVD and DLC/oxynitriding duplex treatments to study the characteristics of DLC films and improve the coating properties of V10 tool steel.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…Particularly, the Fe 3 O 4 layer of oxidation treatment can effectively protect and improve steels' erosion and corrosion resistance. Our previous studies showed that the oxynitriding layer could form the passive oxidative film, which improved the adhesive strength as an intermedi-ate layer during the duplex coating treatments [3][4][5].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several different techniques have been used for depositing DLC films, such as PVD, RF magnetron sputtering, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and ion beam deposition in recent years. Among them, the most common deposition technique of DLC films is plasma-enhanced CVD [5]. It is worth mentioning that the DC-pulsed plasmaenhanced CVD is a novel method because it is simpler and can be used on an industrial scale at a lower cost [9][10][11][12].…”
In this study, DLC films were coated on oxynitriding-treated Vanadis 10 tool steel using the DC-pulsed plasma CVD technique. The experimental parameters included different duty cycles (9, 13, 17, and 21 %) with asymmetric bipolar-pulsed voltages of -3 kV, a gas flow of CH4 maintained at 15 sccm, and a deposition time of 90 min. Meanwhile, the properties of DLC films were measured by Raman spectroscopy, Rockwell indentation, wear tests, FT-IR, corrosion tests, water contact angle tests, and four-point probes analysis. The experimental results showed that the optimum properties of DLC films occurred at a duty cycle of 17 %. It had the lowest wear volume loss for loads 2 N and 5 N were 3.49 × 10 −3 mm 3 and 4.08 × 10 −3 mm 3 , respectively. Moreover, the optimal DLC films possessed the lowest corrosion current (Icorr = 7.91 × 10 −5 A cm −2 ) and highest polarization resistance (Rp = 1185.21 Ω cm 2 ) in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions. The FT-IR spectrum analysis also found that the characteristic peaks of DLC films were generated at positions of 2852 and 2921 cm −1 , and the water contact angle tests showed that the DLC films had great hydrophobicity (78.33 • ). Consequently, the results confirmed that the duplex surface treatment effectively improved the coating properties of Vanadis 10 tool steel. K e y w o r d s : diamond-like carbon (DLC), oxynitriding, Vanadis 10 tool steel, DC-pulsed plasma-enhanced CVD, wear, corrosion, water contact angle
Vanadium is an element that is little known except to those who manufacture high-performance iron alloys and other widely used metal products that are indispensable for creating improved product performance across a variety of final-use sectors. We report here on deriving a detailed material flow cycle for vanadium in the United States for 1992−2021, the most recent year for which detailed data are available. The steels [tool steel, alloy steels, and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels] are responsible for about half of the cumulative vanadium demand (167 Gg), with significantly smaller fractions being used to create catalysts, titanium−vanadium alloys, and several smaller product groups. These products flow to five end-use sectors, transport (61 Gg) and industrial machinery (62 Gg) being the largest. At end of product life, the vanadium-containing tool steels and catalysts are largely recycled, while most of the vanadium in carbon steels, alloy steels, HSLA steels, and other vanadium use sectors is functionally lost.
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