Deployment-related mental disorders among Canadian Forces personnel deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan, 2001–2008

Boulos, David; Zamorski, Mark A.

doi:10.1503/cmaj.122120

Cited by 105 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…While many veterans are resilient, a sizable minority experience significant mental health problems (Hoge et al, 2004;Seal, Bertenthal et al, 2007). The most well-studied mental health conditions among returning veterans include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance-use disorders, all of which commonly co-occur among Iraq/Afghanistan veterans (Seal et al, 2007;Boulos and Zamorski, 2013). While these are the most commonly studied conditions, veterans returning from these wars also frequently experience other anxiety disorders, including social phobia and panic attacks and adjustment disorder (Sareen et al, 2007;Seal et al, 2007;Boulos and Zamorski, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most well-studied mental health conditions among returning veterans include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance-use disorders, all of which commonly co-occur among Iraq/Afghanistan veterans (Seal et al, 2007;Boulos and Zamorski, 2013). While these are the most commonly studied conditions, veterans returning from these wars also frequently experience other anxiety disorders, including social phobia and panic attacks and adjustment disorder (Sareen et al, 2007;Seal et al, 2007;Boulos and Zamorski, 2013). Less common are bipolar disorder, agoraphobia, and somatoform disorder (Sareen et al, 2007;Boulos and Zamorski, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While these are the most commonly studied conditions, veterans returning from these wars also frequently experience other anxiety disorders, including social phobia and panic attacks and adjustment disorder (Sareen et al, 2007;Seal et al, 2007;Boulos and Zamorski, 2013). Less common are bipolar disorder, agoraphobia, and somatoform disorder (Sareen et al, 2007;Boulos and Zamorski, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An examination of the broader effects of warzone experiences on returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans׳ psychiatric health

Kimbrel¹,

DeBeer²,

Meyer³

et al. 2015

Psychiatry Research

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The objective of the present research was to test the hypotheses that: (1) Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans experience a wide range of psychiatric symptomatology (e.g., obsessive-compulsive symptoms, hypochondriasis, somatization); and (2) General psychiatric symptomatology among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans is associated with their warzone experiences. To achieve this objective, Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans (N = 155) completed a screening questionnaire that assessed a wide range of psychiatric symptoms along with a measure of warzone experiences. As expected, returning veterans reported significant elevations across a wide range of clinical scales. Approximately three-fourths screened positive on at least one clinical subscale, and a third screened positive on five or more. In addition, nearly all of these conditions were associated with veterans' warzone experiences (average r = 0.36); however, this association was much stronger among veterans with PTSD (average r = 0.33) than among veterans without PTSD (average r = 0.15). We also observed that approximately 18% of the variance in total psychiatric symptomatology was attributable to warzone experiences above and beyond the effects of childhood trauma and demographic factors. Taken together, these findings suggest that returning veterans experience a broad array of psychiatric symptoms that are strongly associated with their warzone experiences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An examination of the broader effects of warzone experiences on returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans׳ psychiatric health

Kimbrel¹,

DeBeer²,

Meyer³

et al. 2015

Psychiatry Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is important, however, to point out two key disadvantages of our choice of outcome. First, PTSD is only one of many possible mental health problems that may follow exposure to trauma (Sareen et al, 2007), although trauma exposure tends to have the strongest (and, hence, most readily detectable) relationship with PTSD (Boulos & Zamorski, 2013). Future work could explore trauma and gender interactions for other outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past 15 years, rates of deployment have increased, with more than 40,000 Canadian Forces personnel having been deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan (Zamorski & Boulos, 2014). Of those deployed in support of that mission, approximately 13.5% had a diagnosed mental disorder attributed to the deployment (Boulos & Zamorski, 2013), with PTSD as the most common diagnosis (8%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deployment-related trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: does gender matter?

Frank

Zamorski

Lee

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Objective: Military research has attempted to identify whether women have an increased vulnerability to mental health issues following deployment-related trauma, but findings have been mixed. Most studies have controlled for childhood abuse, but not other non-deployment trauma (e.g. life-threatening illness), which may partly explain previous mixed results. This study assessed gender differences in the association between deployment-related trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while controlling for non-deployment trauma.Methods: Data came from the 2013 Canadian Forces Mental Health Survey. Regular or reserve personnel who had been deployed at least once were included in this study (n = 5980). Logistic regression was used to examine the interaction between gender and deployment-related trauma in predicting lifetime PTSD.Results: After controlling for non-deployment trauma, the association of gender with PTSD went from being significant to being marginally significant. The interaction between gender and deployment-related trauma was not significant.Conclusion: Though controlling for non-deployment trauma did not completely dissipate gender differences in PTSD, such differences were greatly reduced, indicating that these may be partly related to traumatic experiences outside deployment. As gender did not moderate the link between deployment-related trauma and PTSD, the findings suggest that trauma experienced while on deployment does not disproportionately affect women compared to their male counterparts.

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Prevalence of Potentially Morally Injurious Events in Operationally Deployed Canadian Armed Forces Members

Hansen

Nelson

Kirkwood

2021

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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As moral injury is a still‐emerging concept within the area of military mental health, prevalence estimates for moral injury and its precursor, potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs), remain unknown for many of the world's militaries. The present study sought to estimate the prevalence of PMIEs in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), using data collected from CAF personnel deployed to Afghanistan, via logistic regressions controlling for relevant sociodemographic, military, and deployment characteristics. Analyses revealed that over 65% of CAF members reported exposure to at least one event that would be considered a PMIE. The most commonly PMIEs individuals reported included seeing ill or injured women and children they were unable to help (48.4%), being unable to distinguish between combatants and noncombatants (43.6%), and finding themselves in a threatening situation where they were unable to respond due to the rules of engagement under which they were required to operate (35.4%). These findings provide support for both the presence of exposure to PMIEs in CAF members and the need for formal longitudinal data collection regarding PMIE exposure and moral injury development.

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Deployment-related mental disorders among Canadian Forces personnel deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan, 2001–2008

Cited by 105 publications

References 30 publications

An examination of the broader effects of warzone experiences on returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans׳ psychiatric health

An examination of the broader effects of warzone experiences on returning Iraq/Afghanistan veterans׳ psychiatric health

Deployment-related trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder: does gender matter?

Prevalence of Potentially Morally Injurious Events in Operationally Deployed Canadian Armed Forces Members

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