Depletion region in thermally poled fused silica

Triques, A. L. C.; Cordeiro, Cristiano M. B.; Balestrieri, V.; Lesche, B.; Margulis, Walter; Carvalho, Isabel C. S.

doi:10.1063/1.126387

Cited by 39 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Our values of nonlinear thickness agree well with those obtained with other methods, such as chemical etching. 4,9,10 The observed nonlinear growth of depth with poling time (Fig. 4) also agrees with that reported previously.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Noncollinear Maker’s fringe measurements of second-order nonlinear optical layers

2000

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A novel technique for characterizing thin-film second-order nonlinearities with submicrometer resolution for the film's depth is proposed. This method is substantially a variation of the classic one-beam Maker's fringe technique and uses the second harmonic generated by two noncollinear fundamental beams. Compared with that for the one-beam case, this configuration reduces the coherence length of the process, thus increasing the resolution for the nonlinear depth measurements. The technique has been implemented on thermally poled silica samples, revealing the initial growth of the nonlinear region.

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supporting

confidence: 91%

Noncollinear Maker’s fringe measurements of second-order nonlinear optical layers

2000

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“…The sharp decrease in the profile may be due to the presence of a thin charge layer. 9,10 Once L is known the nonlinear coefficient is found by normalizing the collinear SH with respect to that from a reference sample ͑quartz͒ and assuming that the tensorial components of the nonlinearity d 33 and d 31 are related to each other by d 33 ϭ3d 31 . All measurements were made 1 h after poling and then repeated a week later without observing any significant variation in the measured L or d values.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of the second-order nonlinearity in thermally poled silica glass

Faccio

Pruneri

Kazansky

2001

Applied Physics Letters

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We study the temporal evolution of both the second-order nonlinear coefficient and of the nonlinear thickness in thermally poled silica-glass slides by using a high-resolution all-optical technique. A time delay in the nonlinearity formation is observed, followed by an increase to a maximum, and a final decrease. The thickness is shown to increase at a rate that differs significantly from that reported for the corresponding ionic charge fronts. Our measurements also show strong dependencies on sample thickness and these can be attributed to different electric fields in the depletion region. © 2001 American Institute of Physics. ͓DOI: 10.1063/1.1394948͔Ever since its first demonstration, 1 thermal poling as a means of inducing a second-order nonlinearity ͑SON͒ in glass has attracted much interest due to its potential applications in various optical devices. The results obtained are highly reproducible and, although the SON is small compared to other nonlinear materials ͑e.g., LiNbO 3 ͒, the figure of merit of poled fibers is high enough to justify this interest, e.g., for frequency conversion of high-power fiber lasers 2 and generation of correlated parametric photons.3 It is a wellestablished fact that in glass the mechanism at the basis of SON formation is ionic migration and subsequent creation of a frozen-in internal electric field.1,4 However, theoretical modeling of field-assisted ion migration is rather complex and has been limited to one 5 or two species, 6 whereas experimental evaluation of positive-ion movement 7 may not be sufficient to determine the exact internal electric-field profile. In this article, we investigate the temporal evolution of the nonlinear coefficient (d 33 ) and of the nonlinear thickness (L) in thermally poled silica using the noncollinear Makers fringe technique ͑NCMFT͒, which allows high resolution. 8 In order to study the nonlinearity evolution, samples of different thicknesses (S) were thermally poled for various poling times. The silica-glass samples were Herasil 1 grade ͑from Heraeus͒ with Sϭ1, 0.5, and 0.1 mm. Thermal poling was performed at 270°C in air by applying a constant voltage (V) of 4 kV, using Al-evaporated electrodes, for seven different times (t): 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 90 min. The samples were subsequently cooled to room temperature with the voltage still applied. Cooling from 270 to 200°C ͑when poling effects become negligible͒ takes ϳ40 s.The nonlinear depth was obtained using the NCMFT, which allows nondestructive measurements of thicknesses as small as 2 m with submicron resolution.8 Two identical input fundamental beams are focused onto the sample with a relative 90°external angle. The power of the generated noncollinear second-harmonic ͑SH͒ beam is measured as a function of the sample inclination angle and L is estimated by fitting the spacing and position of the observed peaks with the function given in Ref. 8. The measurements were carried out using a Q-switched and mode-locked Nd:YAG laser as the fundamental source. A half-wave plate controls the po...

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“…The poling setup used is described in ref 15. Kapton films with a thickness of 7.6 µm were used as the dummy capacitor, which was placed between the anode electrode and the glass sample.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poled glasses for optical devices

2008

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Thermal poling is an efficient way to induce optical second-order nonlinearity in different types of glasses, which typically have macroscopic inversion symmetry. In this paper we present a study on the current dynamics during thermal poling of glasses and relate these results to the formation dynamics of the depletion region, which is closely linked to the induced optical second order nonlinearity. Based on a simple theoretical viewpoint, supported by experimental results, we propose that thermal poling of glasses, and space-charge formation in dielectrics in general, can be viewed as an ionic RC circuit. This, to some extent modified view on thermal poling in glasses, opens up new opportunities to study and control the depletion layer dynamics subsequently leading to better control of the thermal poling induced optical second order nonlinearity in glasses.

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Depletion region in thermally poled fused silica

Cited by 39 publications

References 21 publications

Noncollinear Maker’s fringe measurements of second-order nonlinear optical layers

Noncollinear Maker’s fringe measurements of second-order nonlinear optical layers

Dynamics of the second-order nonlinearity in thermally poled silica glass

Poled glasses for optical devices

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