Dependence on zolpidem in high dose

Vartzopoulos, Dimitrios; Bozikas, Vasilis P.; Phocas, C; Karavatos, Athanasios; Kaprinis, George

doi:10.1097/00004850-200015030-00008

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, zolpidem appears to be frequently consumed in association with other drugs of abuse (i.e., alcohol, cocaine, heroin, cannabis) or other prescription drugs (i.e., quetiapine, SSRIs, etc.) [22,46,50,53,58,60,62,63,[69][70][71][72][73][74]. In addition, it has been reported as well as an adjunctive substance to alcohol in drug-facilitated crimes [75] and some could argue that it may be added within the Chem-Sex parties, as reported in one of our clinical cases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Conversely, female subjects who usually abuse zolpidem, are those suffering from iatrogenic insomnia or secondary to a minor psychiatric disorder (i.e., mild depression, dysthymia, or anxiety) (see Table 1) [53][54][55][56][57]. On the other hand, the second category (group C), which we may denominate "subjects who seek euphoric and disinhibiting zolpidem effect", is represented by younger subjects with severe dependence, who consume zolpidem at high supratherapeutic doses or intravenously, due to its paradoxical amphetamine/cocainelike effect and, hence, mainly for recreational purposes [22,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]. Furthermore, zolpidem appears to be frequently consumed in association with other drugs of abuse (i.e., alcohol, cocaine, heroin, cannabis) or other prescription drugs (i.e., quetiapine, SSRIs, etc.)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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‘Z-trip’? A Comprehensive Overview and a Case-series of Zolpidem Misuse

Orsolini

Chiappini

Grandinetti³

et al. 2021

Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci

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Although believed safer compared to short-acting benzodiazepines (BZD), in the past few years a growing concern has developed relating to the abuse of Z-drugs, and specifically of zolpidem. Here we aim to review the evidence for the misuse of zolpidem and describe several related cases collected in Italy. A comprehensive overview is here carried by using several databases, and by combining the search strategy of free text terms and exploding a range of MESH headings relating to the topics of Zolpidem and Abuse and/or Misuse as follows:

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Z-trip’? A Comprehensive Overview and a Case-series of Zolpidem Misuse

Orsolini

Chiappini

Grandinetti³

et al. 2021

Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci

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“…We found 53 case reports of chronic abuse, tolerance, misuse and withdrawal symptoms ( Table 2) [2–30]. Twenty‐six (52%) were female and 24 (48%) male patients.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of zolpidem abuse and dependence: results of the French Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence (CEIP) network survey

Victorri-Vigneau¹,

Dailly²,

Veyrac³

et al. 2007

Brit J Clinical Pharma

175

138

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Aim To show that the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic zolpidem has a higher abuse potential than previously documented. Method An official enquiry was carried out by the Nantes Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence (CEIP). The authors made a review of literature and analysed French data corresponding to the drug's postmarketing period collected by the CEIP network from 1993 to 2002. Results The literature review yielded mixed results concerning the behavioural effects of zolpidem. Data from the CEIP and the 53 literature case reports highlight significant dependence and abuse potential of zolpidem. Conclusions This study adds to the growing evidence that zolpidem has the potential for abuse and dependence. As a consequence, the French drug monograph has been modified by the French Health Authorities.

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“…Women have been found to have a significantly higher serum Zolpidem concentration than men at equivalent dosage ( 17 ). Some studies demonstrated that sudden discontinuation of Zolpidem by doses within the normal recommended range 2 to 4 weeks after treatment has not been associated with withdrawal symptoms ( 2 , 18 ). Zolpidem dependence and withdrawal symptoms have been reported in patients with doses between 160 to 2000 mg per day ( 7 , 10 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zolpidem Dependency and Withdrawal Seizure: A Case Report Study

Javadi¹,

Hajiali²,

Nassiri‐Asl³

2014

Iran Red Crescent Med J

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Introduction:Zolpidem is a short acting inducer of sleep and thought to lack benzodiazepine properties such as anxiolysis, anticonvulsion, muscle relaxation and side effects such as dependency. Recently, some cases of Zolpidem abuse and dependency have been reported. In review of literature, we found that the lowest reported dosage of Zolpidem, which caused dependency, was 160 mg daily.Case Presentation:We reported a 30-year-old unmarried Iranian woman with dysthymic disorder and chronic insomnia treated with Zolpidem irregularly. She started to use Zolpidem with 5mg per day irregularly since a year ago but augmented its daily dosage gradually to 100 to 150 mg per day in divided doses. After a period of 16 hours without taking Zolpidem she developed a withdrawal syndrome, with generalized tonic-clonic seizures for two times. She was managed with supportive care and recovered completely.Conclusions:Zolpidem dependency and withdrawal seizure can occur with a dosage under last reported doses. Therefore, possibility of mentioned problems cannot be excluded at any dosage and physicians should pay more attention to potential of Zolpidem to create these adverse effects.

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Dependence on zolpidem in high dose

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

‘Z-trip’? A Comprehensive Overview and a Case-series of Zolpidem Misuse

‘Z-trip’? A Comprehensive Overview and a Case-series of Zolpidem Misuse

Evidence of zolpidem abuse and dependence: results of the French Centre for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependence (CEIP) network survey

Zolpidem Dependency and Withdrawal Seizure: A Case Report Study

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