Dependence of the Ferromagnetism on Vacancy Defect in Annealed In₂O₃ Nanocrystals: A Positron Annihilation Study

Abstract

In2O3 nanoparticles are fabricated by a sol–gel method, and annealed under air atmosphere from 400 to 1200 °C. X‐ray diffraction patterns display that all samples are the cubic bixbyite structure, grain size remains nearly unchanged below 700 °C, but remarkable increases from 35 to 72 nm after annealing up to 1200 °C. Electron microscopy also confirms the grain growth during high‐temperature annealing, and the transmission electron microscopy characterizes good crystallinity inside the grains. Raman spectroscopy indicates that the crystallinity of annealed samples is improving and the concentration of oxygen vacancies is decreasing with the increase in annealing temperature. Positron annihilation lifetime measurements identify that there are a large number of monovacancies and vacancy clusters on the surface of nanoparticles. With the increase in annealing temperature, the monovacancies keep a slight recovery and their concentration increases, but the vacancy clusters become smaller vacancies and their concentration decreases. Room‐temperature ferromagnetism exists in the samples after annealing at 400–1000 °C, and the magnetization decreases gradually with the increase in annealing temperature, which is in coincidence with the recovery of vacancy clusters after annealing. These findings suggest that ferromagnetism in annealed In2O3 nanocrystals might be due to the indium–oxygen vacancy clusters rather than grain size effects.

Application Progress of PALS in the Correlation of Structure and Properties for Graphene/Polymer Nanocomposites

“…Consequently, it is unfavorable for the establishment of a relationship between these microstructures and properties [ 4 , 11 ]. Compared with other characterization techniques, PALS is the most sensitive method to detect the size and concentration of free volume in polymer composites [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. With the development of PALS, this technology can not only characterize the free volume characteristics of polymer composites, but also can reveal the interfacial interaction between polymer and nanofiller [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], which provided a new approach for the relationship established between the microstructure and property.…”

Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy Insight on Free Volume Conversion of Nanostructured MgAl2O4 Ceramics

“…Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) technique is considered as one of the promising alternative methods to analyze free volume and defects in functional and other materials [1][2][3][4][5], including ceramics [6][7][8], glasses [9][10][11], polymers [12][13][14], nanocomposites [15][16][17], etc. There are already several attempts to develop a phenomenological model describing the processes of positron annihilation in metal powders that contain Cu-, W-, Ni- [18], some types of BaTiO 3 [19][20][21] and SrTiO 3 perovskites [22,23], nanocrystallite ferrites [24,25], Ni-Cr alloy [26], In 2 O 3 nanocrystals [27], irradiated W and Fe [28], water diffusivity transition in composites [29,30] and others. Different approaches to the analysis of annihilation spectra as well as decompositions with a different number of components were introduced.…”