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The morphology and intermolecular interaction are two of the most important factors in the design of highly efficient dye adsorbent in the industry. Millimeter-sized, bead-type, bio-based lignin/chitosan (Lig/CS) adsorbent was designed for the removal of Congo red (CR), based on the electrostatic attraction, π-π stacking, and hydrogen bonding, which were synthesized through the emulsification of the chitosan/lignin mixture followed by chemical cross-linking. The effects of the lignin/chitosan mass ratio, initial pH, temperature, concentration, and contact time on the adsorption were thoroughly investigated. The highest adsorption capacity (173 mg/g) was obtained for the 20 wt% Lig/CS beads, with a removal rate of 86.5%. To investigate the adsorption mechanism and recyclability, an evaluation of the kinetic model and an adsorption/desorption experiment were conducted. The adsorption of CR on Lig/CS beads followed the type 1 pseudo-second-order model, and the removal rate for CR was still above 90% at five cycles.

According to the phase difference of reflection coefficient, we derive the lateral shift of quasi-total reflection of inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave when the electric field is perpendicular to the incident plane. At the same time, we've calculated the shift of low frequency electromagnetic wave and drawn the curves, which vary with the incident angle. The results show that there are three discontinuity points at the critical angle of phase constant, the critical angle of attenuation constant and 90 • . When the incident angle equals one of the three angles, the lateral shift will become infinite, i.e. the electromagnetic wave will propagate along the interface. When the incident angle is close to one of the three angles, the lateral shift is very large.

Qualitative and quantitative descriptions of interfacial interactions for graphene oxide/waterborne polyurethane composites.

For inhomogeneous electromagnetic wave, we use the phase shift of reflection coefficient on the conductive interface to derive the lateral shift of reflected wave, and draw the curves of lateral shift. The results show that the lateral shift increases with increasing incident angle. As the incident angle approaches 90°, electromagnetic wave will propagate for a long distance before returning to the first medium. When the incident angles are the same, the lateral shift of electromagnetic wave whose polarization direction of electric field is in the incident plane will be longer than that whose polarization direction of electric field is perpendicular to the incident plane. With the frequency increasing, the lateral shift becomes smaller.

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