Deoxyribonucleic Acid Measurements in Transitional Cell Carcinomas: Comparison of Flow and Image Cytometry Techniques

Abstract

There is good overall correlation between DNA content measured by flow and image cytometry but image cytometry has the advantage of visual discrimination, permitting preferential selection and analysis of tumor cells. However, certain problems remain with image cytometry, particularly in the case of peridiploid peaks, which cannot be classified accurately as showing true peridiploid or right shifted diploid populations.

Detection of urinary bladder cancer with flow cytometry and hexaminolevulinate in urine samples

“…The limitations of standard methods for detection of bladder cancer, such as low specificity of cytological examination, limited objectivity of the cytologist and the invasive nature of cystoscopy, 7 have invoked the search for new detection tools. The prognostic value of DNA content in bladder cancer has been assessed in many studies 8–11 . The flow cytometric DNA analysis has been recommended for use only in patients with a tumour, a past history of tumour or a strong suspicion of a tumour, but not for routine screening for bladder cancer 12 .…”

“…The prognostic value of DNA content in bladder cancer has been assessed in many studies. [8][9][10][11] The flow cytometric DNA analysis has been recommended for use only in patients with a tumour, a past history of tumour or a strong suspicion of a tumour, but not for routine screening for bladder cancer. 12 More recent trials relied on markers in urine, such as nuclear matrix proteins (NMP)-22, BLCA-4, bladder tumour antigens, fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products, telomerase, hyalouronic acid, hyaluronidase and cytokeratins.…”

Diagnostic performance of the urinary bladder carcinoma antigen ELISA test and multiparametric DNA/cytokeratin flow cytometry in urine voided samples from patients with bladder carcinoma

“…14,[25][26][27]30,38,39 The high specificity of cytology still justifies its performance in current protocols. However, note that a similar specificity also was obtained using DNA aneuploidy.…”

“…[25][26][27][28][29][30] Of note, no significant differences have been found between bladder washings and spontaneously voided urine samples regarding the detection of tumor cells using various methodologic approaches. 14 Studies performed on bladder washings have been associated with lower proportions of tumor cells because of the intrinsic mechanical irritation induced by the procedure. 15,20 In turn, voided or catheterized urine samples may be associated with both a lower cell viability and yield, especially if samples are not processed immediately after collection.…”

Abnormalities detected in metaphase chromosomes in bladder carcinoma: prognostic value and comparison with histopathological factors

“…Twothirds of tumours classified by FCM as diploid are in fact heterogeneous with non-diploid fractions when classical chromosome counting is done [20]. A more selective measurement of DNA content of tumour cells is possible with image cytometry rather than FCM [6]. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), using chromosome probes, allows assessment of gain or loss of specific chromosomes or parts of chromosomes and is successful in 85-94% of tumours, depending on how many and which chromosome probes are used [19].…”