Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians

Wells, Liz; Hardie, Laura J.; Williams, Courtney; White, Kay; Liu, Yunru; Santis, Barbara De; Debegnach, Francesca; Moretti, Giorgio; Greetham, Stephanie; Brera, Carlo; Papageorgiou, Maria; Thatcher, Natalie J; Rigby, Alan S.; Atkin, Stephen L.; Sathyapalan, Thozhukat

doi:10.3390/toxins9070196

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The percentages exceeding the PMTDI for DON in children and adolescents are much higher than previous estimations reported in UK adults. Wells et al (2017) [ 18 ] analysed urine samples of 31 adults in the UK and <3% exceeded the PMTDI. In an earlier study conducted by Turner et al in the UK, 17% of the participants exceeded the PMTDI (0.008–1.24 μg/kg·b.w./day), although the number of urine samples analysed was small ( n = 6) [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An increasing number of studies which assessed urinary DON levels and its metabolites in adult populations showed exposure levels close to, or even higher than, the PMTDI [ 12 , 15 , 18 ]. There is also interest in investigating DON exposure in potentially susceptible population groups due to their physiological status (e.g., pregnancy) [ 19 ]; dietary habits (e.g., vegetarians) [ 18 ]; and age (i.e., children and adolescents) [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Children are considered to be at risk for greater relative DON exposure than adults due to their higher food and fluid intake per kg of body weight compared to adults, child/adult metabolic differences, limited ability for detoxification, and on-going bodily system development including the immune and central nervous system [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in UK Children and Adolescents

Papageorgiou

Wells

Williams

et al. 2018

Toxins

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Deoxynivalenol (DON), the mycotoxin produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and found in contaminated cereal-based foodstuff, has been consistently detected in body fluids in adults. Available data in children and adolescents are scarce. This study assessed urinary DON concentrations in children aged 3–9 years (n = 40) and adolescents aged 10–17 years (n = 39) in the UK. Morning urine samples were collected over two consecutive days and analysed for free DON (un-metabolised form), DON-glucuronides (DON-GlcA), deepoxy deoxynivalenol (DOM-1), and total DON (sum of free DON, DON-GlcA, and DOM-1). Total DON was detected in the urine of >95% of children and adolescents on both days. Mean total DON concentrations (ng/mg creatinine) were 41.6 and 21.0 for children and adolescents, respectively. The greatest total DON levels were obtained in female children on both days (214 and 219 ng/mg creatinine on days 1 and 2, respectively). Free DON and DON-GlcA were detected in most urine specimens, whereas DOM-1 was not present in any sample. Estimation of dietary DON exposure suggested that 33–63% of children and 5–46% of adolescents exceeded current guidance regarding the maximum provisional tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) for DON. Although moderate mean urinary DON concentrations were shown, the high detection frequency of urinary DON, the maximum biomarker concentrations, and estimated dietary DON exposure are concerning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in UK Children and Adolescents

Papageorgiou

Wells

Williams

et al. 2018

Toxins

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“…Urinary DON biomarkers have been shown to be a good indicator for DON exposure as they show a good correlation with food consumption especially with cereal, maize and wheat products [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] . According to the dietary recall survey, the major source for DON exposure for the Japanese university students tested here was likely to be wheat products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enzyme hydrolysis during the extraction step has been proposed in order to increase the accuracy in determining DON levels in urine, which converts the conjugated DON back to its free form so that total urinary DON is measured to assess the exposure 7) . Total DON (extraction with enzyme digestion), free DON, DON-3-GlcA and DON-15-GlcA are all suitable biomarkers for DON exposure assessment, while DOM-1 showed a very low concentration in human urine samples [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] . The benefit of utilizing biomarker measurement, compared to the traditional dietary exposure assessment, to assess the DON exposure is that this method can cover DON exposure through different exposure routes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Deoxynivalenol Exposure Assessment in University Students from Japan

et al. 2019

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This study was conducted to give a preliminary estimation of deoxynivalenol (DON) dietary exposure in Japanese university students (n = 30, aged 22-25 years) using a biomarker approach and to examine the correlation between wheat food intake and DON exposure levels. Spot urine samples were collected from 30 students of Azabu University, Tokyo. Urine samples were treated with enzyme digestion (for total DON measurement) and without (for unconjugated DON analysis) before clean-up using an immuno-affinity column and analysis using an LC-MS method, with a 13 C 15-DON internal standard used for accurate quantification. The limit of detection for this method is 0.5 ng/mL urine. The geometric mean (95% CI) of DON concentration was 2.03 (1.64-6.87) ng per mL urine. Ninety of the urine samples had detectable levels of urinary DON. The DON dietary intake exposure estimation suggested that one out of the 30 subjects had an intake of DON that exceeded Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) level. Mean ratio of free DON to total DON was determined to be 19%. Wheat intake assessed using a basic food frequent questionnaire method did not show a significant correlation with the urinary DON level.

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“…Acute exposure can cause diarrhea, vomiting, leukocytosis, hemorrhage, and, with extremely high exposure, even death (Knutsen et al, 2017). This is the reason why a few years ago, researchers raised questions about the safety of DON when exposed to high-risk groups, including children and vegetarians (Wells et al, 2017).…”

Section: Deoxynivalenolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deoxynivalenol as potential modulator of human steroidogenesis

Urbanek

Habrowska-Górczyńska

Kowalska

et al. 2018

J of Applied Toxicology

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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene, produced by the Fusarium species. Exposure to DON might cause disruptive effects such as reduced weight gain, neuroendocrine changes and immune modulation in animals (rats, dogs, pigs). There is huge concern that similar effects can be observed in humans. DON is a potential regulator of intracellular steroidogenesis. It is also possible that DON will be involved in the regulation of miRNAs connected with steroidogenesis. This review summarizes the latest knowledge about the influence of DON on steroidogenesis and human hormonal balance.

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Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians

Cited by 17 publications

References 18 publications

Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in UK Children and Adolescents

Assessment of Urinary Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in UK Children and Adolescents

Dietary Deoxynivalenol Exposure Assessment in University Students from Japan

Deoxynivalenol as potential modulator of human steroidogenesis

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