Dental remineralization via poly(amido amine) and restorative materials containing calcium phosphate nanoparticles

Abstract

Tooth decay is prevalent, and secondary caries causes restoration failures, both of which are related to demineralization. There is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic materials with remineralization functions. This article represents the first review on the cutting edge research of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) in combination with nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP). PAMAM was excellent nucleation template, and could absorb calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions via its functional groups to activate remineralization. NACP composite and adhesive showed acid-neutralization and Ca and P ion release capabilities. PAMAM +NACP together showed synergistic effects and produced triple benefits: excellent nucleation templates, superior acidneutralization, and ions release. Therefore, the PAMAM+NACP strategy possessed much greater remineralization capacity than using PAMAM or NACP alone. PAMAM+NACP achieved dentin remineralization even in an acidic solution without any initial Ca and P ions. Besides, the long-term remineralization capability of PAMAM+NACP was established. After prolonged fluid challenge, the immersed PAMAM with the recharged NACP still induced effective dentin mineral regeneration. Furthermore, the hardness of predemineralized dentin was increased back to that of healthy dentin, indicating a complete remineralization. Therefore, the novel PAMAM+NACP approach is promising to provide long-term therapeutic effects including tooth remineralization, hardness increase, and caries-inhibition capabilities.

Drug Delivery (Nano)Platforms for Oral and Dental Applications: Tissue Regeneration, Infection Control, and Cancer Management

“…The bulk of the minerals present in enamel is carbonated apatite, which comprises 10 calcium ions and 6 phosphate ions. [106,107] Hydroxyapatite, being biologically compatible, has been used in various Figure 9. Synthesis of PAA-ACP@MSN and its role in remineralization of demineralized enamel.…”

“…The loaded PAMAM dendrimer was effective for prolonged release of calcium and phosphate at low pH, with neutralization of the acidic environment and inhibition of dental caries. [107] ACP nanoparticles do not have sufficient stability in the oral environment and are readily transformed into a crystalline form. This results in reduced bioavailability of calcium and phosphate ions for remineralization of tooth enamel.…”

“…The bulk of the minerals present in enamel is carbonated apatite, which comprises 10 calcium ions and 6 phosphate ions. [ 106,107 ] Hydroxyapatite, being biologically compatible, has been used in various formulations as a biomimetic agent against dental caries [ 108 ] and dentin hypersensitivity. [ 109 ]…”

Dental Restorative Materials for Elderly Populations

“…PAMAM dendrimers could be used as organic nucleation templates to induce biomimetic new-grown crystals on the demineralized dentin [ 106 ]. The novel composite resins containing NACP and PAMAM [ 107 , 108 ] could effectively promote the remineralization of root surface dentin. The BAG had a high ratio of calcium-to-phosphorus, promoting the formation of apatite crystals.…”

Influence of Hydroxyapatite Nanospheres in Dentin Adhesive on the Dentin Bond Integrity and Degree of Conversion: A Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman, Fourier Transform-Infrared (FTIR), and Microtensile Study

“…Adhesion is the property of a material that is directly dependent on the quality of the polymer formed, and dentin adhesives stimulate bonding between the treated dentin and the resin composites by linking the hydrophilic primer and hydrophobic composite resin [ 21 , 22 ]. Since dental adhesive comes in direct contact with the tooth, the incorporation of HA could stimulate effective and durable remineralization in teeth with demineralized dentin [ 23 ]. In addition, the inclusion of nano-HA (n-HA) particles in the adhesive resin applied to dentin could positively enhance the strength and structure of the tooth, along with improving the mechanical properties of the resin adhesive [ 24 ].…”