Dental Disease in Llamas and Alpacas

Niehaus, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.03.007

Cited by 35 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Additionally, florfenicol was administered at 20 mg/kg SC every other day for 20 days for the treatment of tooth root abscesses in alpacas. The latter author considered this protocol superior to a 30-day standard 33,000 units/kg treatment with procaine penicillin G (Niehaus, 2009). However, species comparisons have documented lower serum concentrations of florfenicol in camels (C max =0.84μg/mL), a closer relative to the alpaca, versus feeder calves (C max =3.1μg/mL) and goats (C max =1.04μg/mL) after a single IM injection of 20 mg/kg florfenicol (Ali, Al-Qarawi et al, 2003; NuFlor®, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection

Holmes

Bedenice

Papich

2011

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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A single dose of florfenicol (Nuflor®) was administered to eight healthy adult alpacas, at 20mg/kg IM (intramuscular) and 40mg/kg SC (subcutaneous) using a randomized, cross-over design and 28-day washout period. Subsequently, 40mg/kg florfenicol was injected SC every other day for 10 doses to evaluate long-term effects. Maximum plasma florfenicol concentrations (Cmax, measured via high-performance-liquid-chromatography) were achieved rapidly, leading to a higher Cmax of 4.31+/−3.03 μg/ml following administration of 20mg/kg IM than 40mg/kg SC (Cmax: 1.95+/−0.94 μg/ml). Multiple SC dosing at 48hr intervals achieved a Cmax of 4.48+/−1.28 μg/ml at steady state. The area under the curve and terminal elimination half-lives were 51.83+/−11.72μg/ml.h and 17.59+/−11.69 hours after single 20mg/kg IM administration, as well as 99.78+/−23.58μg/ml.h and 99.67+/−59.89 hours following 40mg/kg injection of florfenicol SC, respectively. Florfenicol decreased the following hematological parameters after repeated administration between weeks 0 and 3: total protein (6.38 vs. 5.61 g/dL, P<0.0001), globulin (2.76 vs. 2.16 g/dL, P<0.0003), albumin (3.61 vs. 3.48 g/dL, P=0.0038), white blood cell count (11.89 vs. 9.66 ×10^3/μL, P<0.044), and hematocrit (27.25 vs. 24.88%, P<0.0349). Significant clinical illness was observed in one alpaca. The lowest effective dose of florfenicol should thus be used in alpacas and limited to treatment of highly susceptible pathogens.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection

Holmes

Bedenice

Papich

2011

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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“…Según los resultados, la lesión se inicia mayormente en el lado izquierdo de la mandíbula, avanzando hacia las áreas contiguas, llegando por extensión al lado derecho. Diversos autores indican que las infecciones periodontales se originarían en los espacios interalveolares de la mandíbula, agravándose con el tiempo (Vadillo et al, 2002;Clerc et al, 2004;Niehaus, 2009). …”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Descripción y Evaluación Anatómica de Lesiones de Osteomielitis Mandibular en Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Pezo

Rosadio

Manchego

et al. 2017

Rev. investig. vet. Perú

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RESUMENSe describieron las lesiones anatomopatológicas de casos clínicos de osteomielitis en 21 alpacas adultas, seis tuis y tres crías, mediante estudios clínicos y anatomopatológicos, verificando el número, grado y progresión de las lesiones. Se buscaron alteraciones de la parte molar, espacio edéntulo y parte incisiva de las caras bucal y lingual del cuerpo mandibular izquierdo y derecho. En todos los casos, las lesiones se presentaron en la mandíbula, mayormente en el lado izquierdo. La osteomielitis fue predominantemente grave en las crías, donde una hiperostosis, rarefacción, necrosis, involucro y secuestro desarrolla en menor tiempo que en adultos y tuis. Las lesiones leves fueron engrosamientos focalizados en la mandíbula izquierda, mientras que las lesiones moderadas y graves fueron multifocales en ambos lados, con la presencia de ulceraciones y fístulas directamente relacionadas con la progresión de las lesiones.Palabras clave: alpaca, osteomielitis, maxilar inferior, inflamación ABSTRACTThe anatomopathological lesions of clinical cases of osteomyelitis in 21 adult alpacas, six tuis and three baby alpacas were described through clinical and pathological evaluation, determining the number, degree, and progression of the lesions. Alterations of the molar part, edentulous space, and incisive part of the buccal and lingual sides of the left and right mandibular body were observed. In all cases, the lesions appeared in the mandible, mostly on the left side. Osteomyelitis was predominantly severe in the youngest

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“…No data was available on this topic in the literature. CT imaging data in cases of disease and on the normal nondental structures of the skull of SAC do, however, exist [1,2,5,6,9,12]. On the basis of the CT images, the best angulations for oblique radiographic projections can now be recommended and are lateral30°dorsal - lateroventral and lateral30°ventral - laterodorsal respectively for maxillary and mandibular arcades, which provides the least distortion of the reserve crown and tooth roots and the least superimposition of the dental arcades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malocclusion [3,4], periodontal abscess, infection of the cheek teeth [2,3,5,6], alveolar periosteitis or osteitis [3], and oral neoplasia [7] are various manifestations of dental problems in SAC of all ages. As in other species, radiography is a useful method of providing diagnostic information [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in South American camelid specimen of different ages

et al. 2014

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BackgroundTooth root problems and periodontal diseases are common in South American camelids (SAC). The objective was to evaluate and optimize the imaging technique for dental radiography in SAC and to describe the radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) anatomy of normal teeth at different ages. In this study, the heads of 20 healthy SAC slaughtered for meat production or euthanized for reasons not related to dental problems included 7 female and 10 male llamas and 3 male alpacas. Using a standardized protocol, radiographs and CT scans of the 20 specimen were performed.ResultsThe most useful radiographic projections for mandibular and maxillary cheek teeth evaluation turned out to be lateral30°ventral - laterodorsal and lateral30°dorsal - lateroventral with slight separation of the dental arcades respectively. Digital radiographic and CT appearance of the mandibular and maxillary teeth were described from the beginning of mineralization till maturity. In addition the normal range of the CT radio density of different cheek teeth and different dental tissues were measured. Hounsfield units of different dental tissues of SAC turned out to be similar to equids.Deviation, shortening and partial destruction of the distal tooth root of mandibular 09′s and 10′s and of maxillary 09′s was observed and the existence of a common pulp chamber in younger teeth was revealed.ConclusionsThe present study provides information about the dental imaging morphology in clinically healthy SAC. This basic information provides fundamental knowledge for evaluating images and planning treatments in clinically affected animals.

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Dental Disease in Llamas and Alpacas

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection

Florfenicol pharmacokinetics in healthy adult alpacas after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection

Descripción y Evaluación Anatómica de Lesiones de Osteomielitis Mandibular en Alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

Computed tomographic and radiographic examination of dental structures in South American camelid specimen of different ages

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