Dental Caries, Tooth Fracture and Exposed Dental Pulp: The Role of Endodontics in Orthodontic Treatment Planning and Mechanotherapy

Fully Characterized Effective Bacteriophages Specific against Antibiotic-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis, the Causative Agent of Dental Abscess

“…Phage therapy has many advantages over conventional therapy through antibiotics. Our two E. faecalis phages grew at temperatures ranging from 10 to 60 • C and were resistant to a wide pH range (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Previous research has shown that phages are effective against E. faecalis under ranges of 10-50 • C and pH 3-12 [56,57].…”

“…tively. They also exhibited stability under wide ranges of pH (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and temperature (10-60 • C), with a low cytotoxic effect on oral epithelial cell lines at different concentrations (1000-31.25 PFU/mL). A promising strategy is being considered to combat biofilms and multidrug-resistant E. faecalis strains by conducting treatment with lytic bacteriophages.…”

“…As inflammation accompanies the infection that grows in the pulp cavity within the confined cavity of the tooth, it presses against the lining of the dentin, causing severe pain. Another factor that predisposes to tooth abscess is a partially injured tooth, most frequently a wisdom tooth, where bacteria are trapped between the soft tissue and the crown, causing inflammation [ 5 , 6 ]. Treatment includes draining the abscess, administering antibiotics, controlling pain, and removing the infection source within the tooth.…”

“…In phage optimization, the two isolated phages exhibited a high specific host range with Enterococcus faecalis among six different bacterial hosts, where E. faecalis_phage-01 had a latent period of 30 min with 115.76 PFU/mL, while E. faecalis_phage-02 had a latent period of 25 min with 80.6 PFU/mL. They were also characterized with stability at wide ranges of pH (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and temperature (10-60 • C), with a low cytotoxic effect on the oral epithelial cell line at different concentrations (1000-31.25 PFU/mL). Conclusions: The findings highlight the promise of phage therapy in dental medicine, offering a novel approach to combating antibiotic resistance and enhancing patient outcomes.…”

Novel trends, challenges and new perspectives for enamel repair and regeneration to treat dental defects

“…For fractures with exposed dentinal tubules which are in direct contact with pulp, the infection-related necrosis of pulp can be avoided by protecting the dentin. 60,61 Treatment options for the complicated crown fractures with the exposed pulp, include direct pulp capping, pulpotomy (vital pulp), pulpectomy (endodontic treatment) or extraction, depending on the amount of the exposed pulp, the time interval between the fracture and the clinical examination and the stage of the root development. 62,63 Overall, the outcome of TDIs is ranged from adequate to poor and new strategies and approaches are greatly needed.…”