“…Carbonaceous materials, such as graphite67, carbon nanofibers89, carbon nanotubes101112 and porous carbon1314, are promising anode materials in LIBs due to their high Li-storage capacity, high conductivity, decent electrochemical activity and low cost1516. In particular, graphene has attracted extensive research interests with a theoretical maximum lithium capacity of 784 mAh/g by forming Li 2 C 6 structure17, and an even higher capacity up to 1488 mAh/g for an isolated graphene flake that is only 0.7 nm in diameter1819. However, it was found that the Li capacity of some graphene samples can be even significantly lower than that of bulk graphite20, possibly due to the formation of small Li clusters on graphene as the interaction between Li atoms212223 is much stronger than that between Li and pristine graphene242526.…”