Dengue fever in the Indian subcontinent: an overview

Raheel, Ummar; Faheem, Muhammad; Riaz, Muhammad; Kanwal, Naghmana; Javed, Faizan; Zaidi, Najam us Sahar Sadaf; Qadri, Ishtiaq

doi:10.3855/jidc.1017

Cited by 93 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The reported DF cases in Nepal show a clear seasonal pattern [8], [83], [84] that can be related to temperature and rainfall with almost all cases in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. This pattern is consistent with reports from other countries in South-East Asia [4], [85]. Possible explanations for this seasonal transmission include vertical transmission of DENV in mosquitoes and, given the high number of asymptomatic DENV infections in the communities, silent transmission in people by a reduced number of vectors between the seasonal peaks [2].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors along an Altitudinal Transect in Central Nepal

et al. 2014

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BackgroundRapidly increasing temperatures in the mountain region of Nepal and recent reports of dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis cases from mountainous areas of central Nepal prompted us to study the spatio-temporal distribution of the vectors of these two diseases along an altitudinal transect in central Nepal.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe conducted a longitudinal study in four distinct physiographical regions of central Nepal from September 2011 to February 2012. We used BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps to capture adult mosquitoes. We found the geographical distribution of the dengue virus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus along our study transect to extend up to 1,310 m altitude in the Middle Mountain region (Kathmandu). The distribution of the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus extended up to at least 2,100 m in the High Mountain region (Dhunche). Statistical analysis showed a significant effect of the physiographical region and month of collection on the abundance of A. aegypti and C. quinquefasciatus only. BG-Sentinel traps captured significantly higher numbers of A. aegypti than CDC light traps. The meteorological factors temperature, rainfall and relative humidity had significant effects on the mean number of A. aegypti per BG-Sentinel trap. Temperature and relative humidity were significant predictors of the number of C. quinquefasciatus per CDC light trap. Dengue fever and lymphatic filariasis cases had previously been reported from all vector positive areas except Dhunche which was free of known lymphatic filariasis cases.Conclusions/SignificanceWe conclude that dengue virus vectors have already established stable populations up to the Middle Mountains of Nepal, supporting previous studies, and report for the first time the distribution of lymphatic filariasis vectors up to the High Mountain region of this country. The findings of our study should contribute to a better planning and scaling-up of mosquito-borne disease control programmes in the mountainous areas of Nepal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors along an Altitudinal Transect in Central Nepal

et al. 2014

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“…It is an island nation with monsoon periods throughout the year and is thus a hot spot for dengue infections. The occurrence of dengue outbreaks in Sri Lanka dates back to the early 1900s, and since 2000, Sri Lanka has been struck by periodic outbreaks of dengue with a steady increase in the case fatality rate [19]. At present, novel and effective therapeutic and preventive strategies are of utmost importance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypocalcemia is associated with disease severity in patients with dengue

Constantine

Rajapakse

Ranasinghe

et al. 2014

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…The geographical location of Pakistan with hot and humid summers particularly in Punjab, is an ideal place for the breeding of the Aedes mosquitoes [13] which are responsible for spreading the virus from one location to another. Environmental fragmentation which resulted from severe flood in 2010 further encouraged the breeding of the Aedes mosquitoes in Pakistan [25, 26]. Consequently, DENV infection reached epidemic level in 2011 in Pakistan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating serotypes of dengue virus and their incursion into non-endemic areas of Pakistan; a serious threat

Ali

Ahmad

Idrees

et al. 2016

Virol J

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BackgroundDengue virus is circulating in Pakistan since 1994, which causes major and minor outbreaks in many areas of the country. The incidence of dengue in Pakistan in past years mainly restricted to parts of Sindh and Punjab provinces. As such, a severe dengue outbreak appeared in Pakistan in 2011, particularly in Punjab province with Lahore as the most hit city (290 deaths). In 2013, for the first time in the history of Pakistan, dengue outbreak erupted in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which claimed more than 57 lives. Hence this study was conducted to document circulating serotypes of dengue virus in Pakistan in 2011 and 2013 dengue outbreaks in two different territories/areas of the country.MethodsIn total, 1340 blood samples from people having dengue (ELISA positive) and/or dengue like symptoms from various cities/areas of Punjab and Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) were collected and analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using serotype specific primers.ResultsThe results indicated that all the four dengue virus serotypes were circulating in Punjab Province with highest frequency of DENV-2 (41.64 %) and DENV-3 (41.05 %). Similarly, DENV-2 (41.66 %) and DENV-3 (35.0 %) were dominant serotypes detected in KP-based people lived in Punjab. On the other hand only DENV-2 (40.0 %) and DENV-3 (60.0 %) were detected in Swat District. Furthermore an important observation noted in this study was mixed infection of DENV-2 and DENV-3 in Punjab in 2011 (3.81 %) and in people from KP infected in Punjab (8.33 %) which may account for the high mortality and morbidity rates as compared to previous outbreaks. Over all male population was mostly infected as compared to females and people in the age group between 15 to 45 was the highest infected group.ConclusionsThe findings of this study indicate that all four serotypes of dengue virus are circulating in Punjab whereas serotypes 2 and 3 introduced for the first time into Swat, KP in 2013; about 600 km away from Lahore, Punjab. Overall dengue virus serotypes 2 and 3 were the major outbreak-causing serotypes in Pakistan in 2011 and 2013. Dengue outbreak in Swat may be the continuation of previous dengue outbreaks in Punjab but it needs further research and investigation.

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Dengue fever in the Indian subcontinent: an overview

Cited by 93 publications

References 32 publications

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors along an Altitudinal Transect in Central Nepal

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dengue and Lymphatic Filariasis Vectors along an Altitudinal Transect in Central Nepal

Hypocalcemia is associated with disease severity in patients with dengue

Circulating serotypes of dengue virus and their incursion into non-endemic areas of Pakistan; a serious threat

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