Demographic and occupational predictors of early response to a mailed invitation to enroll in a longitudinal health study

Chrétien, Jean-Paul; Chu, Laura; Smith, Tyler C.; Smith, Besa; Ryan, Margaret A. K.

doi:10.1186/1471-2288-7-6

Cited by 45 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…Previous studies have shown these cohort data to be reliable and survey response to be uninfluenced by poor health status. 15,17,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43] We believe that these results are generalizable to the entire US military because of the large sample size and population-based random sampling methods used. To some extent, results may also be generalizable to any population of healthy young adults.…”

Section: Limitations and Strengthsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Newly Reported Hypertension After Military Combat Deployment in a Large Population-Based Study

et al. 2009

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Abstract-High-stress situations, such as combat deployments, are a potential risk factor for hypertension. Although stress is postulated to increase blood pressure, the underlying role of stress on hypertension is not well established. We sought to determine the relations between combat deployment-induced stress and hypertension. The Millennium Cohort baseline questionnaire (2001)(2002)(2003) was completed by 77 047 US active-duty and Reserve/National Guard members. Follow-up was completed by 55 021 responders Ϸ3 years later (2004 -2006). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the 3-year risk of newly reported hypertension, adjusting for general and mental health, demographics, and occupational and behavioral characteristics. After applying exclusion criteria, our analyses included 36 061 service members. Subanalyses of deployers included 8829 participants. Newly reported hypertension was identified in 6.9% of the cohort between baseline and follow-up, many of whom had deployed on military operations in support of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. After adjusting, deployers who experienced no combat exposures were less likely to report hypertension than nondeployers (odds ratio: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.89). Among deployers, those reporting multiple combat exposures were 1.33 times more likely to report hypertension compared with noncombat deployers (95% CI: 1.07 to 1.65). Although military deployers, in general, had a lower incidence of hypertension than nondeployers, deployment with multiple stressful combat exposures appeared to be a unique risk factor for newly reported hypertension. ilitary deployment may present profound psychological and physical stressors to deployers, such as exposure to life-threatening situations, dead or maimed bodies, and suboptimal living conditions. Although stress related to high-pressure work, natural disasters, and missile attacks has been associated with increased myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular risk, 1 the underlying role of deploymentinduced stress or combat-related violence on hypertension is not well established.Stress is postulated to increase blood pressure through the release of corticoids and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, which regulates blood pressure; the sudden rise in dopamine that increases coronary blood flow; or perhaps by altering electrolytes and increasing sodium, thereby aggravating hypertension. [2][3][4] Violence is thought to sustain nighttime blood pressure through mechanisms related to elevated sympathetic nervous system response. 5 Several studies have linked acute stress from life-threatening situations, such as earthquake shock and combat, with elevated blood pressure, although this effect was temporary, lasting only hours to weeks. 6 -8 However, acute stress responses reported after terrorist attacks were shown to increase physician-diagnosed hypertension by 115% at 1 year and 75% at 2 years. 9 Individuals with sustained nighttime blood pressure (Ͻ10% decrease from awake to sleep) were 3.5 times as likel...

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Section: Limitations and Strengthsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Newly Reported Hypertension After Military Combat Deployment in a Large Population-Based Study

et al. 2009

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“…Finally, survey responders had slightly different characteristics than nonresponders 17 ; however, previous investigations suggest the cohort provides an overall good representation of military personnel whose responses are not influenced by poor health status. 15,23,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] The present study had several strengths, including the prospective nature of the data collection, which allowed for the assessment of both combat experiences and PTSD symptoms before CHD. Incidence and estimated risks were also assessed given the prospective study design.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Combat Deployment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Newly Reported Coronary Heart Disease Among US Active Duty and Reserve Forces

et al. 2014

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Background— The recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have exposed thousands of service members to intense stress, and as a result, many have developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The role of military deployment experiences and PTSD in coronary heart disease (CHD) is not well defined, especially in young US service members with recent combat exposure. Methods and Results— We conducted a prospective cohort study to investigate the relationships between wartime experiences, PTSD, and CHD. Current and former US military personnel from all service branches participating in the Millennium Cohort Study during 2001 to 2008 (n=60 025) were evaluated for newly self-reported CHD. Electronic medical record review for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for CHD was conducted among a subpopulation of active duty members (n=23 794). Logistic regression models examined the associations between combat experiences and PTSD with CHD with adjustment for established CHD risk factors. A total of 627 participants (1.0%) newly reported CHD over an average of 5.6 years of follow-up. Deployers with combat experiences had an increased odds of newly reporting CHD (odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–2.40) and having a diagnosis code for new-onset CHD (odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.31–2.84) compared with noncombat deployers. Screening positive for PTSD symptoms was associated with self-reported CHD before but not after adjustment for depression and anxiety and was not associated with a new diagnosis code for CHD. Conclusions— Combat deployments are associated with new-onset CHD among young US service members and veterans. Experiences of intense stress may increase the risk for CHD over a relatively short period among young adults.

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“…These strategies have included providing a pen/pencil, financial incentives, use of a culturally sensitive letter, and varying survey length (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). In contrast, reports of post hoc analyses compared respondents to nonrespondents and those who responded early or later to recruitment efforts (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21), some of which make inferences about bias and the value of extensive recruitment methods. There have also been simulations to show how assumptions about nonrespondents or late respondents can potentially affect prevalence estimates for disease or exposure (22,23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Multiple Mailings on Recruitment: The Multiethnic Cohort

Steffen

Kolonel

Nomura

et al. 2008

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: The current study considers potential nonresponse bias and data quality issues in the Multiethnic Cohort, a prospective study of lifestyle-cancer associations among adults ages 45 to 75 years from five ethnic groups in Hawaii and California. Methods: We examined determinants of early versus later response to the baseline questionnaire using logistic regression with response wave regressed on measures of demographics, history of illness, health behaviors, medication, and supplement use. Results: Participants who were more health conscious tended to respond earlier. Female sex, more education, personal experience with cancer, more physical activity, and regular use of aspirin were associated with early

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Demographic and occupational predictors of early response to a mailed invitation to enroll in a longitudinal health study

Cited by 45 publications

References 26 publications

Newly Reported Hypertension After Military Combat Deployment in a Large Population-Based Study

Newly Reported Hypertension After Military Combat Deployment in a Large Population-Based Study

Impact of Combat Deployment and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Newly Reported Coronary Heart Disease Among US Active Duty and Reserve Forces

The Effect of Multiple Mailings on Recruitment: The Multiethnic Cohort

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