Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of HIV opportunistic infections among older adults in Nigeria

Akinyemi, Joshua O.; Ogunbosi, Babatunde O.; Fayemiwo, A; Adesina, Olubukola Adeponle; Michael, Obaro S.; Kuti, Modupe; Awolude, Olutosin; Olaleye, David O.; Adewole, Isaac F.

doi:10.4314/ahs.v17i2.4

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The overall prevalence of ADIs observed in our cohort was lower (25.8%) than those that have been reported in other West African countries such as Nigeria and Gabon (range, 46.6%–85%) [ 15 , 16 ]. This could be explained in part by the fact that ADIs are a heterogenous group of infectious and noninfectious entities, many of which would pose considerable diagnostic challenges in resource-limited settings such as Sierra Leone.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

High Prevalence of Late-Stage Disease in Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Sierra Leone

Yendewa

Poveda

Lakoh

et al. 2018

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

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A high prevalence of late-stage disease (75.4%) and severe immunosuppression (23.3%) was observed in 155 newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus patients in Freetown, Sierra Leone during August to November 2017. Within the late-stage diagnosis group, a significantly high proportion of patients reported fever (84.2% vs 65.2%; P = .01), weight loss (82.2% vs 63.5%; P = .01), and malaise (89.7% vs 71.7%; P = .05). Fever was identified as the only independent predictor of late-stage disease in this study.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

High Prevalence of Late-Stage Disease in Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Sierra Leone

Yendewa

Poveda

Lakoh

et al. 2018

Open Forum Infectious Diseases

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“…Our results are similar to those of our previous study. In previous studies from Africa, HBV/HIV co-infection was reported as 8.5%-32%, and HCV/HIV co-infection was reported as 1.1%-7.2% (23)(24)(25)(26). We observed lower rates than were previously reported for Africa.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Molecular Identification of HIV-1 in the Presence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infections

Sayan¹,

Özgüler²,

Yıldırım³

et al. 2020

Balkan Med J

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Background: Because of their similar modes of transmission, the simultaneous infection of viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus are increasingly seen as a big problem related to human health. Aims: To determine the drug mutations in hepatitis B virus and/ or hepatitis C virus co-infected human immunodeficiency virus-1 patients in Turkey. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods: The present study was conducted between 2010 and 2017. HBsAg, anti-hepatitis C virus, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus were tested with ELISA. All anti-human immunodeficiency virus positive results by ELISA were verified for anti-human immunodeficiency virus positivity by a Western blot test, and Antihuman immunodeficiency virus positive patients with HBsAg and/or anti-hepatitis C virus positivity were included in the study. Subtyping and genotypic resistance analyses were performed by population sequencing of the viral protease and reverse transcriptase regions of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 pol gene. Results: We detected 3896 human immunodeficiency virus-1 positive patients whose sera were sent from numerous hospitals across the country to our polymerase chain reaction unit for detection of drug resistance mutations and whose molecular laboratory tests were completed. Viral hepatitis co-infections were detected in 4.3% (n=170) of patients. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus co-infection were observed in 3.2% and 0.5% of all human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected patients, respectively. The major human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtype detected was group M, subtype B (62.9%). However, 13.5% of drug resistance mutation motifs were found in human immunodeficiency virus-1 genomes of patients included in the study. Conclusion: Due to similar transmission routes, HIV1 patients are at risk of hepatitis B and C virus co-infection. However, antiretroviral drug resistance mutation model is similar to patients with hepatitis negative.

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“…In ART-naive patients in low-to-middle income countries, the summary risk was highest (>5%) in oral candidiasis [63]. Oral candidiasis was found to be the most common opportunistic infection (OI) in Nigeria [64]. The most frequent OI before the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was oral candidiasis in Uganda [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia

Dunaiski

Denning

2019

JoF

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Namibia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Although care and support services are available that cater for opportunistic infections related to HIV, the main focus is narrow and predominantly aimed at tuberculosis. We aimed to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Namibia, currently unknown, based on the size of the population at risk and available epidemiological data. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and published reports. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate the frequencies of fungal infections, using the previously described methodology. The population of Namibia in 2011 was estimated at 2,459,000 and 37% were children. Among approximately 516,390 adult women, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (≥4 episodes /year) is estimated to occur in 37,390 (3003/100,000 females). Using a low international average rate of 5/100,000, we estimated 125 cases of candidemia, and 19 patients with intra-abdominal candidiasis. Among survivors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Namibia 2017, 112 new cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are likely, a prevalence of 354 post-TB and a total prevalence estimate of 453 CPA patients in all. Asthma affects 11.2% of adults, 178,483 people, and so allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) were estimated in approximately 179/100,000 and 237/100,000 people, respectively. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is estimated to affect 15 patients following leukaemia therapy, and an estimated 0.13% patients admitted to hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (259) and 4% of HIV-related deaths (108) — a total of 383 people. The total HIV-infected population is estimated at 200,000, with 32,371 not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among HIV-infected patients, 543 cases of cryptococcal meningitis and 836 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia are estimated each year. Tinea capitis infections were estimated at 53,784 cases, and mucormycosis at five cases. Data were missing for fungal keratitis and skin neglected fungal tropical diseases such as mycetoma. The present study indicates that approximately 5% of the Namibian population is affected by fungal infections. This study is not an epidemiological study—it illustrates estimates based on assumptions derived from similar studies. The estimates are incomplete and need further epidemiological and diagnostic studies to corroborate, amend them, and improve the diagnosis and management of these diseases.

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Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of HIV opportunistic infections among older adults in Nigeria

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

High Prevalence of Late-Stage Disease in Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Sierra Leone

High Prevalence of Late-Stage Disease in Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Sierra Leone

Molecular Identification of HIV-1 in the Presence of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infections

Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia

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