Democratic transition in the Balkans: Romania's Hungarian and Bulgaria's Turkish minority (1989–99)

Johnson, Carter

doi:10.1080/13537110208428651

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Recent attempts have been implemented to improve the relationships between the majority Romanian population and the numerous minorities (Butuca, 2003), including the visible minorities of the Hungarians and the Rroma. It has been argued that during the process of democratization in the transitional post-communist era, Romania has succeeded in maintaining civil order while some of its neighboring countries in the Balkans experienced violent ethnic conflict (Johnson, 2002). Although this success has been attributed to external forces (such as interventions by the European Commission) by some (Chiva, 2006), and internal forces by others (Johnson, 2002), it seems that an atmosphere of tolerance of minority populations is evident in the country.…”

Section: Geographical and Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been argued that during the process of democratization in the transitional post-communist era, Romania has succeeded in maintaining civil order while some of its neighboring countries in the Balkans experienced violent ethnic conflict (Johnson, 2002). Although this success has been attributed to external forces (such as interventions by the European Commission) by some (Chiva, 2006), and internal forces by others (Johnson, 2002), it seems that an atmosphere of tolerance of minority populations is evident in the country. This projected image to the international community is problematized by Cajvaneanu (2004), who argues that tolerance does not equal integration or equal status.…”

Section: Geographical and Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural Attitudes of Romanian Youth

Ives

Obenchain

Oikonomidoy

2010

IJE

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A variation of the Bogardus scale on social distance was implemented to examine the cultural attitudes of Romanian youth about minorities in Romania. The results indicated that the greatest social distance was reported towards members of the Rroma minority with members of the Hungarian minority following. The least social distance was, not surprisingly, associated with members of the Romanian majority. The findings of this study are examined in light of their implications for teacher education, in the continuously changing sociopolitical landscape of Romania.

Keywords: Cultural attitude, Romania, Pre-service teacher, Bogardus scale, Contact theory

Geographical and Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Geographical and Historical Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural Attitudes of Romanian Youth

Ives

Obenchain

Oikonomidoy

2010

IJE

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Keywords: Cultural attitude, Romania, Pre-service teacher, Bogardus scale, Contact theory

East European Politics and Societiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Politics of Minimal “Consensus”

Mihailescu¹

2008

East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures

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This article argues that the inclusion of ethnic Hungarian parties within the Slovak and Romanian democratic oppositions during the early years of democratic transition was a critical element for the peaceful management of interethnic relations in these two multiethnic new democracies. Contrary to what the existing literature suggests, violent conflict was averted despite the absence of institutions specially designed to manage interethnic relations, the exclusion of ethnic minorities from government, and quasi-majoritarian political environments. In the two studied cases, interethnic opposition coalitions resulted from the adoption of basic democratic political institutions, which constrained actors across the ethnic divide to cooperate based on a minimal consensus agenda. More broadly, this article questions the claim that multiethnic countries are unlikely candidates for peaceful democratization, and suggests that as long as participation in democratic processes, either in government or in opposition, is possible for ethnic minorities, violent conflict can be averted.

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“…Exploring the determinants of ethnic party formation and success could be instructive not only to ethnic minorities themselves, but also to national and international actors concerned with political and societal stability. Existing literature reveals that EMPs can be highly influential actors in domestic politics (Jiglau and Ghergina ), boost political participation within the ethnic group they represent (Ishiyama ), prevent minority ethnic conflict (Birnir ; Ishiyama ; Johnson ), help manage interethnic relations during democratic transitions (Mihailescu ) and help stabilize and sustain democracy (Chandra ; Birnir ). With so many studies pointing to the influence – on minority groups and on the broader society alike – of EMPs, it is imperative that we examine what factors contribute to their emergence and success.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why ethnic parties? A new theory of ethnic minority political strategy in Europe

Koev

2019

Nations and Nationalism

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Why do some ethnic minority groups in Europe form ethnic minority parties (EMPs), while others work within established, mainstream parties? I argue that an ethnic minority group's historical background influences its political engagement strategies. I propose that native groups (those that inhabited the territory of the modern‐day state in which they reside prior to that state's establishment), groups with territorial attachment (historical concentration in particular regions of the state) and groups with historical experiences of autonomy are more likely to form successful parties. Groups perceiving themselves as native to their state and that have enjoyed autonomy are more likely to feel entitled to the unique form of representation provided by an EMP. I test my theoretical expectations on an original data set of elections in European states in the period 1990 to 2012, finding that the three historical variables working in conjunction exert a strong positive influence on EMP entry and success.

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Democratic transition in the Balkans: Romania's Hungarian and Bulgaria's Turkish minority (1989–99)

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Cultural Attitudes of Romanian Youth

Cultural Attitudes of Romanian Youth

The Politics of Minimal “Consensus”

Why ethnic parties? A new theory of ethnic minority political strategy in Europe

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