Dementia: An Overview

Bansal, Nitin; Parle, Milind

doi:10.15415/jptrm.2014.21003

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Studies conducted in different populations and geographical regions consistently support that advanced age is a major risk factor for developing dementia ( 55 , 56 ); indeed, the prevalence of dementia is 2% in those aged 65-69 years, much lower than the 20% in those aged 85-89 ( 55 ). Other risk factors for dementia include female gender, low education, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol intake, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia ( 55 ). A meta-analysis of dementia studies in SSA estimated a pooled prevalence of 5.0% for all ages and a pooled annual incidence of 2.0% ( 56 ).…”

Section: Specific Neurological Disturbances Related To Neuroinflammat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although nearly 60% of dementia patients live in LMICs, Africa has the least burden of dementia compared to other continents possibly due to its relatively younger population (53,54). Studies conducted in different populations and geographical regions consistently support that advanced age is a major risk factor for developing dementia (55,56); indeed, the prevalence of dementia is 2% in those aged 65-69 years, much lower than the 20% in those aged 85-89 (55). Other risk factors for dementia include female gender, low education, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol intake, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia (55).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa

et al. 2022

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Neurological disorders related to neuroinfections are highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), constituting a major cause of disability and economic burden for patients and society. These include epilepsy, dementia, motor neuron diseases, headache disorders, sleep disorders, and peripheral neuropathy. The highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in SSA. Consequently, there is a high prevalence of neurological disorders associated with HIV infection such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, motor disorders, chronic headaches, and peripheral neuropathy in the region. The pathogenesis of these neurological disorders involves the direct role of the virus, some antiretroviral treatments, and the dysregulated immune system. Furthermore, the high prevalence of epilepsy in SSA (mainly due to perinatal causes) is exacerbated by infections such as toxoplasmosis, neurocysticercosis, onchocerciasis, malaria, bacterial meningitis, tuberculosis, and the immune reactions they elicit. Sleep disorders are another common problem in the region and have been associated with infectious diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis and HIV and involve the activation of the immune system. While most headache disorders are due to benign primary headaches, some secondary headaches are caused by infections (meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess). HIV and neurosyphilis, both common in SSA, can trigger long-standing immune activation in the central nervous system (CNS) potentially resulting in dementia. Despite the progress achieved in preventing diseases from the poliovirus and retroviruses, these microbes may cause motor neuron diseases in SSA. The immune mechanisms involved in these neurological disorders include increased cytokine levels, immune cells infiltration into the CNS, and autoantibodies. This review focuses on the major neurological disorders relevant to Africa and neuroinfections highly prevalent in SSA, describes the interplay between neuroinfections, immune system, neuroinflammation, and neurological disorders, and how understanding this can be exploited for the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for improved patient care.

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Section: Specific Neurological Disturbances Related To Neuroinflammat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa

et al. 2022

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“…Most dementias are progressive, irreversible, and incurable. [7] People who have dementia before the age of 65 are said to have early dementia. The causes of dementia are not fully understood, but the result is always structural and chemical changes in the brain, leading to loss and shrinkage of nerves from brain volume.…”

Section: Dementiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Potency of Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and Turmeric (Curcumin) Extract Compound in Promoting Cerebral Perfusion in Vascular Dementia: A Narrative Review

2022

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Vascular dementia (VaD) is a neurodegenerative disease with an ever-growing number of patients in global statistics. World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were 50 million vascular dementia patients in 2018, with almost of 20% of it are newly diagnosed cases. North America and Europe have a similar prevalence of VaD patients, approximately up 15 to 20 percent of the elderly. Whilst in Asia, the number is higher, which takes up 30 percent of the elderly population. Having limited modalities in treating the condition, novel methods with considerable efficacy and safety are needed in treating dementia. Ginseng, which is the root from plants of genus Panax, contains many types of ginsenosides which have been proven to have a significant effect in alleviating cerebral hypoperfusion, the main cause of vascular dementia. Turmeric, which contains curcumin, has shown to elevate cognition and halts neurodegenerative processes, and could act as a neuroprotector through LXR-Beta/RXR signaling pathway. The combination of Panax ginseng extract and Turmeric extract is a promising new alternative drug to treat cognitive and memory problems, particularly VaD, yet more clinical and experimental studies are required. Keywords: Dementia, Vascular Dementia, Panax ginseng, Curcumin, Hypoperfusion.

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“…The burden of dementia can affect patients, caregivers, and the health system as the increasing of the elderly populations. 2,3 Dementia affects over 46 million individuals in worldwide. The prevalence of all-cause dementia varies in some countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dementia in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya: A Synthetic Review of Its Characteristics

Imami

Haryono

Sensusiati

et al. 2021

MNJ

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Background: Dementia is a clinical syndrome characterized by progressive loss of cognitive function in elderly people interferes the ability to function independently. The number of elderly patients increased so fast in worldwide. The prevalence of dementia rapidly increases due to increasing of population. Aging demographic transition is proceeding rapidly especially in China, India, and Latin America, where dementia is rapidly becoming the major public health problem. Demographic data of elderly patients of dementia in Indonesia is still a little. Dementia’s research data in Indonesia were only obtained from Bali and Yogyakarta, while data from Surabaya were not obtained. Our research data is taken from Dr. General Hospital Soetomo Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. This study is important for dementia epidemiological data and baseline data for further treatment of dementia patients in Surabaya. Objective: The purpose of this study to determine the characteristics profile of elderly patients with dementia in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. Methods: Sampling was done with purposive sampling by observing the medical records of patients in the period of January 2017 to December 2017 based on inclusion and exclusion criterias that have been set. The data was taken from the patient's medical record which had been written and examined by neurologists from the neurology department in the neurobehaviour sub-department of Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Results: The majority of dementia patients are men (51,7%); the age group which is most at risk for dementia is between age of 75-79 years; most of the patients are jobless; more than half of patients are high school graduates; and Vascular Dementia (VaD) is the type of dementia that most people suferred Conclusion: This characteristic’s data of dementia can be used for providing information about dementia to make public health care provides a better facillities and treatment for elderly patients to prevent dementia burden.

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Dementia: An Overview

Cited by 13 publications

References 59 publications

The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa

The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa

Potency of Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and Turmeric (Curcumin) Extract Compound in Promoting Cerebral Perfusion in Vascular Dementia: A Narrative Review

Dementia in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya: A Synthetic Review of Its Characteristics

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