Demand-Side Management of Smart Distribution Grids Incorporating Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract

The integration of renewable energy resources (RES) (such as wind and photovoltaic (PV)) on large or small scales, in addition to small generation units, and individual producers, has led to a large variation in energy production, adding uncertainty to power systems (PS) due to the inherent stochasticity of natural resources. The implementation of demand-side management (DSM) in distribution grids (DGs), enabled by intelligent electrical devices and advanced communication infrastructures, ensures safer and more economical operation, giving more flexibility to the intelligent smart grid (SG), and consequently reducing pollutant emissions. Consumers play an active and key role in modern SG as small producers, using RES or through participation in demand response (DR) programs. In this work, the proposed DSM model follows a two-stage stochastic approach to deal with uncertainties associated with RES (wind and PV) together with demand response aggregators (DRA). Three types of DR strategies offered to consumers are compared. Nine test cases are modeled, simulated, and compared in order to analyze the effects of the different DR strategies. The purpose of this work is to minimize DG operating costs from the Distribution System Operator (DSO) point-of-view, through the analysis of different levels of DRA presence, DR strategies, and price variations.

Clean Energy Sources: Insights from Russia

“…This is particularly useful in the context that modern energy systems should be able to provide both flexibility and reliability. This is achievable through the simultaneous exploitation of different renewable energy sources within a hybrid system [90] as former are stochastic in their nature [8]. The results also indicate the following:…”

“…At the same time, there are several questions that need to be covered within the future research. First of all, it is crucial to address the issue of balancing distributed energy sources [8]. This may require restructuring the existing coordination mechanisms within the energy system, which was initially created based on predictable behavior of energy sources.…”

“…However, the introduction of RES usually faces two major barriers: higher costs of energy compared to the conventional energy sources [7] and uncertainty of generation potential (as natural resources are stochastic in their nature) [8]. In addition, while the high costs of renewable energy are a technological issue that will be solved in the nearest future [9], assessment of their potential requires a more focused approach as it is highly dependent on specific conditions of a given region.…”

Coordinated Voltage Regulation by On-Load Tap Changer Operation and Demand Response Based on Voltage Ranking Search Algorithm

“…The abovementioned results show that the VRSA attained the best optimization result of Equation (14). Voltage violations occurred in ten nodes (node 14,15,16,17,18,29,30,31,32, and 33) during the 24-h simulation. Figure 12 shows the voltage conditions of the ten nodes before the OLTC operation for the four cases.…”

“…Since the introduction of smart grids, smart meters were extensively installed on the customer side to enable the two-way communication between the customers and the DSO [14]. In modern smart grids, customers can play an active role as small producers via DG, or as virtual power plants by participating in DR programs [15]. Flexible resources such as PV inverters and CLs can be utilized through the DR for solving the over-and under-voltage problems in power distribution systems.…”