Delivery of Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are still one of the major causes of death for the people in the world. Biomedical implantable devices are the basic approach on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, unexpected and serious complications can be observed in the case of their usage. Nanotechnology gives a promising perspective to overcome these drawbacks. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have develop superior medical solutions and offer better prospects to patients. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent situation, the benefits and the role of nanocarriers in cardiovascular implant technology. preserve or regain its patency. Balloon angioplasty was the common choice to open the blocked vascular vessels before the introduction of coronary stents as bare metallic stents [16]. However, both stent implantation and balloon angioplasty are still cause of various complications, such as elastic recoil, vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, platelet aggregation, and at last thrombus formation [17,18]. These complications were eventually overcome by the modifications in the stent technology and could be ameliorated by the introduction of therapeutic compounds. In this context, drug eluting stents have been developed through coating the surface of the stents by a matrix polymer, bearing therapeutic agents that regulate the cell division and prevent thrombosis. Sirolimus-, biolimus-, everolimus-and paclitaxel-polymer combinations have been the major surface modifiers which are used for the surface coating and the manufacturing of the drug eluting stents [19,20]. Among them, paclitaxel-eluting TAXUS ® and sirolimus-eluting CYPHER ® are the most under-researched implanted stents in this field. The conducted randomized clinical studies have demonstrated that these systems had indicated their therapeutic efficiencies by reducing the risk of in-stent restenosis [21,22]. Even though the surface coating of the stents by drug-polymer combination has solved the problem of instent restonosis, a new critical problem surfaces after then-late stent thrombosis. This trouble is partly due to the introduction of the stent surface as a foreign substance by human body and also partly due to the incorporation of the polymers, which even they have biodegradable structure, causes inflammation and increases the sensitivity to thrombosis [23,24]. In fact, the majority of the drug eluting stents over bare metallic stents is still contradictive for these reasons. At this point, the researchers have found the solution in nanotechnology. The combination of nanotechnology with cardiovascular device provides a key to the solution by inducing the endothelial cells proliferation, while suppressing the vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation at the same time. From this perspective, nanostructured stents seem more effective in the treatment of cardiovascular disease compared to nanocarrier based stent coatings. When nanoparticles are associated with stents, the particles leaves from the stent surface, penetrate to

The Application of Nanomaterials in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review on Drugs and Devices

“…It is gaining importance for the treatment of CVDs. Nanoparticles, as the particles in the nanometric range, have shown great promises in a wide range of cardiovascular applications [8][9][10]. Nanoparticles are mobile in both intra-and extravascular systems, making them ideal for the targeted delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents.…”

“…They have shown significant potential to provide a platform for targeted delivery of drugs because of their unique multi-functionality [11]. Delivering and targeting of drugs to its intended site are the most important characteristics of nanoparticles for the development of successful targeting strategies as well as improved medical imaging technology [9,12]. Nano-coatings is one of the applications of nanotechnology that improve the medical implants biocompatibility and their incorporation with the surrounding tissues.…”

“…Nano-coatings is one of the applications of nanotechnology that improve the medical implants biocompatibility and their incorporation with the surrounding tissues. This technology can be used in dental implants, stent coating in cardiology, and joint replacement implants in orthopedics [9]. Moreover, nanomaterials with antimicrobial activity can be used in wound care, coatings, and medical textiles.…”

“…On the other hand, pinocytosis is a nonspecific pathway that occurs when cells absorb the surrounding fluid [16]. These specific and nonspecific pathways of cellular uptake demonstrate that most nanoparticles could enter the cells [9,10]. The cellular uptake efficiency of nanoparticles depends on many factors such as size, shape, surface charge, morphology, density, decoration, and agglomeration of nanoparticles [15].…”

“…Over the past decades, a wide variety of nanostructure systems have been designed for drug delivery and in fabrication of biomedical implantable devices [1,9,10,17]. Nanomaterials offer extraordinary openings for overcoming the restrictions of conventional biomaterials.…”