Dehydration of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by a core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2-SO3H magnetic nanoparticle catalyst

Functionalised heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biomass valorisation

“…Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -SO 3 H, was tested for one-pot production of HMF from glucose. 340 A 70.5% yield of HMF with 98% glucose conversion was obtained at optimised reaction conditions. A noticeable decrease in HMF yields from 70.5% to 60.4% was noticed after five recycles of the catalyst, due to accumulation of oligomeric products on the active sites and leaching of acidic species (entry 3, Table 4).…”

“…Pure iron oxide magnetic NPs suffer from several drawbacks, such as self-interactions which induces particle aggregation, rapid exothermic reactions in the presence of oxygen, and a high sensitivity to air, all resulting in a reduced applicability for magnetic catalytic purposes. 47,339,340 In order to preserve the magnetic properties of iron oxide NPs, while improving their catalytic activity, several encapsulating strategies have been developed. Fig.…”

“…(5) Versatility: it is also vital to develop functionalised heterogeneous catalysts, with versatile applications in biomass upgrading. Several examples of this kind are highlighted in this review, including sulfonated silica-carbon nanocomposites (cellulose hydrolysis 160 and fructose ethanolysis 162 ), SO 3 H functionalised MIL-101(Cr) MOF (fructose-to-HMF 220 and furfuryl alcohol-to-ethyl levulinate 249 ), and Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 -SO 3 H (glucoseto-HMF 340 and cellulose-to-reducing sugar 350 ). For an improved bio-based economy, developing a more number of versatile catalysts with multiple active sites is an urgent task.…”

An Excellent Solid Acid Catalyst Derived from Microalgae Residue for Fructose Dehydration into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurural

“…As one of the promising platform molecules, 5‐hydroxymethylfurural (5‐HMF) has achieved more and more attentions because of its versatile application. 5‐HMF could be used as a monomer to synthesize bio‐based materials, various chemical products and liquid biofuels, extensively for fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals and petroleum industries etc . With the increasing demand for 5‐HMF, its large scale production is greatly stimulated, which will possess a remarkable challenge for academic research and industry.…”

“…Among these, homogenous catalysts like mineral acids, acidic‐ionic liquids etc exhibit several drawbacks with respect to the low selectivity, corrosion of equipment, use of large amounts of catalyst, difficult recovery of catalyst etc . Alternatively, heterogeneous catalysts such as solid acids are becoming more and more attractive due to their stronger acidity and easier regeneration as well as less corrosivity, which accelerate their wide application in production of 5‐HMF from fructose ,,. Currently, various types of solid acid catalysts have been designed for the preparation of 5‐HMF, such as heteropoly acids, tungstated zirconias, cerium phosphates, zirconium phosphates, niobium phosphates, zirconium hydrogen phosphates, carbon catalysts etc.…”