Degree of Conversion and BisGMA, TEGDMA, UDMA Elution from Flowable Bulk Fill Composites

Lempel, Edina; Czibulya, Zsuzsanna; Kovàcs, Bálint; Szalma, József; Tóth, Arnold; Kunsági‐Máté, Sándor; Varga, Zoltán Z.; Böddi, Katalin

doi:10.3390/ijms17050732

Cited by 75 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Thus, the selection process resulted in 10 full-text articles. 3,10,16,18,34,35,36,37,38,39 A summary of the main findings of each study addressed in this systematic review and the data regarding authors, year of publication, type of bulk-fill composite resin (viscosity), method of outcome assessment (mechanical test performed), light curing protocol (time, irradiance, and lightcuring unit), and authors' conclusions regarding the clinical question "can Bulk-fill resin composites be placed and cured properly in 4 mm increments?" is presented in Table 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present systematic review included studies that degree of conversion and/ or depth of cure were assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 10,18,36,39 Micro-Raman spectroscopy, 35,38 Scraping Method ISO 4049, 3,16,34 Acetone Shaking Test, 36 and Microhardness. 10,16,18,34,36,37,39 Irrespective to the "in vitro" method performed, bulk fill RBCs were partially likely to fulfill the important requirement regarding properly curing in 4 mm of cavity depth measured by depth of cure and / or degree of conversion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,18,36,39 Raman spectroscopy provides an alternative method that can be considered simpler and more adaptive than FTIR 50 and it was performed in 2 studies included in this systematic review. 35,38 While FTIR spectroscopy measures the absorption of incident radiation, Raman is based on the inelastic scattering phenomenon. In contrast to FTIR, mRaman does not require specific specimen preparation and allows a non-destructive analysis, which enables multiple measurements on the same sample.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In six studies, this statement was partially accepted, 3,16,34,35,36,39 and it is important to emphasize that the requirement was partially accepted because of the behavior of the regular viscosity BFC evaluated. In the remaining 4 studies included in the present systematic review this References statement was completely accepted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review

et al. 2017

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This systematic review assessed the literature to evaluate the efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins at 4 mm restoration depth. PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched with no restrictions on year, publication status, or article's language. Selection criteria included studies that evaluated bulk-fill composite resin when inserted in a minimum thickness of 4 mm, followed by curing according to the manufacturers' instructions; presented sound statistical data; and comparison with a control group and/or a reference measurement of quality of polymerization. The evidence level was evaluated by qualitative scoring system and classified as high-, moderate-and low-evidence level. A total of 534 articles were retrieved in the initial search. After the review process, only 10 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria. Most articles included (80%) were classified as high evidence level. Among several techniques, microhardness was the most frequently method performed by the studies included in this systematic review. Irrespective to the "in vitro" method performed, bulk fill RBCs were partially likely to fulfill the important requirement regarding properly curing in 4 mm of cavity depth measured by depth of cure and / or degree of conversion. In general, low viscosities BFCs performed better regarding polymerization efficiency compared to the high viscosities BFCs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review

et al. 2017

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“…Consequently, there is a reduction in filler–matrix interface and light scattering, allowing light penetration through deeper zones . In addition, material viscosity seems to be an important factor on curing success of BFRCs because many selected investigations reported higher depth of cure for flowable materials compared with some high‐viscosity BFRCs . In the case of flowable BFRCs, the composition percentage of inorganic filler, ranges between 64 and 75 wt%/38 and 61 vol%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites: A systematic review

Lima

Troconis

Moreno

et al. 2018

J Esthet Restor Dent

105

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Objective To evaluate scientific evidence regarding depth of cure of bulk‐fill resin composites (BFRCs) and related factors. Material and Methods PubMed/Medline, Embase, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases were accessed from October 2016 to May 2017. Investigations published in English language, assessing depth of cure of BFRCs by microhardness test and/or degree of conversion (DC) were included. Studies using exclusively ISO 4049, employing specimens deepness less than 4 mm, as well as those not reporting exposure time and/or irradiance from light curing units (LCUs) were excluded. Results In total, 742 studies were found from which 33 were included. From 21 studies evaluating BFRCs microhardness, 10 showed acceptable bottom/top ratios (≥0.8) for all tested materials. However, material‐dependent results and non‐satisfactory bottom/top microhardness ratios (<0.8) were reported in 9 and 2 investigations, respectively. From 19 studies that assessed DC, 11 showed acceptable results (≥50%) for all tested BFRCs, while 8 studies reported material‐dependent outcomes. Overall, irradiance from LCUs ranged from 650 to 1330 mW/cm2 and exposure time from 5 to 60 seconds. Favorable depth of cure results were observed with the use of LCUs emitting irradiance ≥1000 mW/cm2 and exposure times ≥20 seconds. Conclusions High depth of cure rates by BFRCs, depends on some factors as material, irradiance and exposure time. Polywave LCUs were useful but not essential on polymerizing alternative photoinitiator‐containing BFRC. Clinical Significance LED curing devices (polywave or monowave) displaying an irradiance ≥1000 mW/cm2 and 20 seconds of exposure time are imperative to accomplish successful polymerization of most BFRCs.

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Impact of bisphenol A and analogues eluted from resin‐based dental materials on cellular and molecular processes: An insight on underlying toxicity mechanisms

Rajkumar,

Padmanaban

2024

J of Applied Toxicology

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Dental resin systems, used for artificial replacement of teeth and their surrounding structures, have gained popularity due to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) recommendation to reduce dental amalgam use in high‐risk populations and medical circumstances. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine‐disrupting chemical, is an essential monomer within dental resin in the form of various analogues and derivatives. Leaching of monomers from resins results in toxicity, affecting hormone metabolism and causing long‐term health risks. Understanding cellular‐level toxicity profiles of bisphenol derivatives is crucial for conducting toxicity studies in in vivo models. This review provides insights into the unique expression patterns of BPA and its analogues among different cell types and their underlying toxicity mechanisms. Lack of a consistent cell line for toxic effects necessitates exploring various cell lines. Among the individual monomers, BisGMA was found to be the most toxic; however, BisDMA and BADGE generates BPA endogenously and found to elicit severe adverse reactions. In correlating in vitro data with in vivo findings, further research is necessary to classify the elutes as human carcinogens or xenoestrogens. Though the basic mechanisms underlying toxicity were believed to be the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and a corresponding decline in glutathione levels, several underlying mechanisms were identified to stimulate cellular responses at low concentrations. The review calls for further research to assess the synergistic interactions of co‐monomers and other components in dental resins. The review emphasizes the clinical relevance of these findings, highlighting the necessity for safer dental materials and underscoring the potential health risks associated with current dental resin systems.

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Degree of Conversion and BisGMA, TEGDMA, UDMA Elution from Flowable Bulk Fill Composites

Cited by 75 publications

References 63 publications

Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review

Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review

Depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites: A systematic review

Impact of bisphenol A and analogues eluted from resin‐based dental materials on cellular and molecular processes: An insight on underlying toxicity mechanisms

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