Degrading Content and Character Sex: Accounting for Men and Women’s Differential Reactions to Pornography

Women's Critical Responses to Sexually Explicit Material: The Role of Hyperfemininity and Processing Style

“…This material is, at least to some extent, characterized by gender equality, intimacy, and mutual attraction between characters (Chivers, Seto, Lalumière, Laan, & Grimbos, 2010;Garcia, Brennan, DeCarlo, McGlennon, & Tait, 1984;Laan et al, 1994;Pearson & Pollack, 1997). Because these features are generally considered more appealing to women (Laan et al, 1994;Mosher & Maclan, 1994), we call this material female-targeted SEM (also called "erotica" in earlier research, e.g., Glascock, 2005;Murnen & Stockton, 1997).…”

“…Several content analyses have suggested that mainstream SEM, at least to some extent, is characterized by male sexual dominance and female sexual subordination (Bridges et al, 2010;Brosius et al, 1993;Cowan & Campbell, 1994;Cowan et al, 1988;Gorman et al, 2010). We call this material male-targeted SEM (also called "nonviolent pornography" in earlier research, e.g., Glascock, 2005;Murnen & Stockton, 1997).…”

Determinants of Anger and Physical Aggression Based on Sexual Orientation: An Experimental Examination of Hypermasculinity and Exposure to Male Gender Role Violations

“…Pertinently, studies indicated that exposure to sexually explicit material heightens physiological arousal (Abel, Becker, Blanchard, & Djenderedgian, 1978;Freund, 1963;Glascock, 2005;Janssen, Carpenter, & Graham, 2003). One investigation demonstrated that sexually prejudiced men evinced heightened sexual arousal to male-male erotica relative to non-prejudiced men (Adams, Wright, & Lohr, 1996).…”

Shaken and Stirred: A Content Analysis of Women’s Portrayals in James Bond Films

“…Haridakis (2006) found that men and women respond to violent television differently. Glascock (2005) found differences between men and women's affinity and arousal toward particular pornographic content. These varied approaches to media effects demonstrate the importance of continued study in the area of portrayals of women in the media.…”

“…Sapolsky et al (2003) have noted, "Exposure to scenes of explicit violence juxtaposed with sexual images is believed to blunt males' emotional reactions to film violence and lead males to be less disturbed by scenes of extreme violence and degradation directed at women" (p. 28). Additionally, it has been found that pornography that degrades women conditions men to become aroused by the degradation in addition to the sexually explicit content (Glascock 2005). Though most of the studies on the connection between sex and violence have focused on horror and pornography genres, effects may hold true for other content such as Bond films.…”