Degradation of picric acid and 2,6-DNT in marine sediments and waters: the role of microbial activity and ultra-violet exposure

Nipper, Marion; Qian, Yongchang; Carr, R. Scott; Miller, Karen D.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.04.039

Cited by 72 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Analytically determined concentrations of 2,6-DNT and 2-A-6-NT, as well as picric acid, in marine sediments were much lower when samples were dried at room temperature and extracted with acetonitrile (Nipper et al 2004), according to standard procedures for soils and sediments than when sediments were not dried prior to extraction. A portion of the parent compounds could be transformed during the drying procedure, and the authors suggest that sediments contaminated with explosives should not be air-dried prior to extraction for chemical measurements.…”

Section: Fate Of Nitroaromatic MC Amended To Sediment For Toxicity Tementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxicity of fine-grained and sandy sediments spiked with 2,6-DNT was examined using the amphipod Ampelisca abdita in 10-d exposures (Nipper et al 2004). No significant lethal effects were observed in any treatment (Table 5.2).…”

Section: Toxicity Of Nitroaromatic MC Amended To Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fate of picric acid in marine sediments was investigated by Nipper et al (2004) using the same sediments and experimental conditions described above for 2,6-DNT. Transformation rates were highest in fine-grained sediment incubated at 20°C.…”

Section: Fate and Toxicity Of Nitrophenolic MC In Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fate of 2,6-DNT in spiked marine sediments has been investigated using fine-grained and sandy marine sediments (Nipper et al 2004). These studies showed that biotransformation of 2,6-DNT started soon after the initial contact of the chemical with the sediments and proceeded for several months.…”

Section: Fate Of Nitroaromatic MC Amended To Sediment For Toxicity Tementioning

confidence: 99%

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Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Lotufo¹,

Rosen²,

Wild³

et al. 2013

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Military munitions are present in waters around the world, including those waters located at current and former Department of Defense sites. This report provides a review of the aquatic ecotoxicology of munitions constituents (MC), including nitroaromatics (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluenes (DNTs), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid)); nitrate esters (nitrocellulose (NC), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerine (NG)); and nitramines (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)). The major focus of this report is on the fate and effects of MC in the marine environment. Most MC observed in this study rapidly degraded in aqueous exposure systems and nitroaromatics showed a significant binding affinity with organic matter. To support the assessment of risk from MC in aquatic environments, laboratory-based toxicity data have been derived for a variety of aquatic species for both lethal and sublethal exposure endpoints using spiked water or sediment. Frequently, unrealistically high concentrations were used to derive toxicity benchmarks. In general, nitramines were less toxic than nitroaromatics, with a wide range of sensitivity among species. MC are weakly hydrophobic and bioaccumulative potential was low, as expected. High elimination rates for MC resulted in a virtually complete loss of body residue within hours to days following transfer to clean water. Uptake of TNT resulted in the substantial formation of bound residues. For fish, aqueous exposure was the dominant route of exposure to explosive compounds, with dietary uptake providing only minimal contribution. More realistic exposures using Composition B and multiple species found the presence of munitions in aquatic environments unlikely to result in biological effects. Verification of this conclusion should be pursued by determining site-specific exposure risk.

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Section: Fate Of Nitroaromatic MC Amended To Sediment For Toxicity Tementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxicity Of Nitroaromatic MC Amended To Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fate and Toxicity Of Nitrophenolic MC In Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fate Of Nitroaromatic MC Amended To Sediment For Toxicity Tementioning

confidence: 99%

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Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Lotufo¹,

Rosen²,

Wild³

et al. 2013

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“…Sediment samples were not air-dried before extraction, as recommended by Nipper et al (2004) for related compounds, to minimize potential degradation to unknown and solvent-resistant degradation products. For each sediment sample, three subsamples (0.05-0.1 g) were assayed for radioactivity as described below and one sample (5 g) was vigorously mixed with 10 mL of acetonitrile and sonicated for 18 h (Branson 3200, Branson Ultrasonics, Danbury, CT) in an 18 1C water bath (Neslab RTE-111, Neslab Instruments, Newington, NY).…”

Section: Chemical Analysis 271 Sediment Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of TNT in marine fish in sediment exposures

Lotufo¹,

Blackburn²,

Marlborough³

et al. 2010

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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a b s t r a c tThe bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) spiked to sediment was evaluated in juvenile sheepshead minnows (JSHM, Cyprinodon variegatus) and adult freckled blennies (FB, Hypsoblennius ionthas). The JSHM were exposed for 4 days in the presence or absence of a mesh separating fish from sediment. FB were exposed to sediment for 7 days. During the 24-day storage period (4 1C), extensive transformation of spiked TNT occurred and concentrations are expressed as the sum of TNT, aminodinitrotoluenes and diaminonitrotoluenes (SumTNT), on a dry weight basis. SumTNT in the overlying water, not exchanged during exposure, increased gradually. Survival was high (Z 90%) for JSHM exposed to 7 mg kg À 1 and FB exposed to up to 260 mg kg À 1 . All SHM died after 24 h exposure to 340 mg kg À 1 . Isolation from sediment did not significantly affect water concentrations or decrease bioaccumulation. Uptake from contact to sediment was likely negligible and bioaccumulation was from the overlying water. The feeding rate of FB exposed to 1700 mmol kg À 1 sediment suspended in water for 24-h was significantly reduced by 50%.Published by Elsevier Inc.

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