Degradation of Natural Rubber and Synthetic Elastomers

Samsuri, Ariffin

doi:10.1016/b978-044452787-5.00117-7

Cited by 26 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, the polarities of their matrices seem to dissolve mutually with the polar components of biomass fuel, such as esters, acids, and so on. 29 This phenomenon also can be proven by the variation of acid numbers, as shown in Figure 5 and in the chemical reactive formulas below. For the variations of acid number, upon exposure to crude biomass fuel, the acid number of crude biomass fuel increased and exceeded the initial value.…”

Section: Compatibility Mechanism Analysismentioning

confidence: 88%

On the Compatibility Between Biomass Fuel and Elastomer

Hu¹,

Hu²,

Xu³

et al. 2012

CORROSION

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The compatibilities, especially in swelling behaviors, between three kinds of automotive rubber seal rings and crude rice husk biomass fuel, distilled biomass fuel, and emulsified biomass fuel were studied in the present paper. The results showed that the elastomers presented variable swelling degrees as they were immersed in the fuels at 40°C for 7 days. Their mass and volume variations of nitrile-butadiene elastomer (NBR) and fluoro-elastomer (FKM) were bigger than those of silicone elastomer (SR) as they were immersed in the crude biomass fuel. Their NBR were 200.0% and 316.5%, respectively. FKM were 85.7% and 101.7%, respectively. In contrast to the distilled biomass fuel, the changes of mass and volume of FKM were 229.0% and 368.9%, respectively. For the emulsified biomass fuel, the changes of mass and volume of SR were 49.8% and 13.6%, respectively. The phenomena were ascribed to similar structures and groups between the varied biomass fuel and the different rubbers based on scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and Fourier transform-infrared results. The swelling mechanism of elastomers could be explained based on the "ideal" solution laws for the molecules of equal size and acid-base reactions.

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Section: Compatibility Mechanism Analysismentioning

confidence: 88%

On the Compatibility Between Biomass Fuel and Elastomer

Hu¹,

Hu²,

Xu³

et al. 2012

CORROSION

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“…Paraffin wax was identified to be the main compounding ingredients that dominate the blooming process. This is because the paraffin wax has poor solubility in rubber [5]. The melting temperature (50 -60 o C) of paraffin wax was below the curing temperature of rubber and melted while the rubber was being cured at 150 o C. When the cured rubber was removed from the mould and cooled to ambient temperature, paraffin wax diffused to the rubber surface to form the bloom.…”

Section: Fig 3 Fesem Images Of ((A) V1 and (B) V3) After 7 Daysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blooming in rubber compounds can be disadvantageous. In production of multi-ply product such as tires, hoses, belts and other products; blooming reduces the tackiness of the rubber compound [5]. Blooming of sulphur materials on uncured rubber compounds gave rise to poor rubber-to-rubber or rubber-to-metal bonding [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the rubber vulcanizate cools post the vulcanization process, the available compounding ingredients will crystallize, and as the crystal grow within the rubber; regions of strain will be set up around the crystal. These strain regions increases as the crystals grow until no further crystallization can occur, eventually leaving a greater concentration of the chemical remain soluble in the bulk of the rubber than if there were no strains restricting crystallization [5]. Before we find the ways to overcome the blooming problem, we need to identify the component(s) that bloom readily to the surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blooming of Compounding Ingredients in Natural Rubber Compounds under Different Peroxide Loading

Yasin¹,

Zawawi²,

Tahir³

et al. 2019

IJRTE

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Rubber compounds normally shows blooming phenomena whereby a thin layer of powdery material or films and oils formed on the surface. These blooms are usually low molecular weight compounding ingredients such as curing agents, accelerator, processing aids and activators that migrated to the surface. Excessive blooming can degrade the vulcanized rubber and reduced its quality. It is therefore necessary to determine the compounding ingredients that bloomed in an effort to reduce the effect of blooming. This study was aimed at identifying the compounding ingredients that dominate the blooming process. Sulphur, paraffin wax and zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC) with specific functions were added as compounding ingredients in natural rubber (SMR L). Dicumyl peroxide were added as the curing agent at several loadings. The rubber compounds were cured at 150oC in the presence of dicumyl peroxide as curing agent at several loadings. They were stored under room temperature for blooming to take place. Blooms were analysed using FTIR and EDX. EDX analysis detected the major element present in the blooms to be carbon at 53.5% abundance. Similarly, FTIR results produced high intensity of C-H band at 2916 cm-1 and 722 cm-1 which are due to stretching and bending vibration of C-H paraffinic. It was concluded that paraffin wax preceded sulphur and ZDEC in blooming of SMR L.

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“…Most rubber materials are subjected to oxidation and the oxidation of rubber can result in the loss of physical properties (Nabil & Ismail 2014). Among oxidation factors, heat aging can cause the increase the migration of rubber (Samsuri 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formaldehyde and heavy metal migration from rubber and metallic packaging/utensils in Korea

Kim

Lee

et al. 2014

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B

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The aim of this study was to determine the non-intentionally added substances--formaldehyde and trace metals--at 4% acetic acid conditions in rubber and metallic packaging/utensils. The temperature effect on migration in rubber and metallic packaging/utensils was monitored at 60 °C and 100 °C under acidic (pH< 3) circumstances. The concentrations were: formaldehyde--23.1 μg kg⁻¹, lead--13.41 μg kg⁻¹, cadmium--0.15 μg kg⁻¹, total arsenic--2.02 μg kg⁻¹ and nickel--2.92 μg kg⁻¹ at 60 °C and formaldehyde--148.9 μg kg⁻¹, lead--17.04 μg kg⁻¹, cadmium--0.14 μg kg⁻¹, total arsenic--7.25 μg kg⁻¹ and nickel--8.7 μg kg⁻¹ at 100 °C. A significant difference was noticed in formaldehyde and total arsenic between both temperatures (p < 0.01), which was not present in other trace metals. In conclusion, formaldehyde and total arsenic were more sensitive with cooking temperature than the other metals.

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Degradation of Natural Rubber and Synthetic Elastomers

Cited by 26 publications

References 7 publications

On the Compatibility Between Biomass Fuel and Elastomer

On the Compatibility Between Biomass Fuel and Elastomer

Blooming of Compounding Ingredients in Natural Rubber Compounds under Different Peroxide Loading

Formaldehyde and heavy metal migration from rubber and metallic packaging/utensils in Korea

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