Degradation of Anthraquinone Dyes from Effluents: A Review Focusing on Enzymatic Dye Degradation with Industrial Potential

Abstract

Up to 84 000 tons of dye can be lost in water, and 90 million tons of water are attributed annually to dye production and their application, mainly in the textile and leather industry, making the dyestuff industry responsible for up to 20% of the industrial water pollution. The majority of dyes industrially used today are aromatic compounds with complex, reinforced structures, with anthraquinone dyes being the second largest produced in terms of volume. Despite the progress on decolorization and degradation of azo dyes, very little attention has been given to anthraquinone dyes. Anthraquinone dyes pose a serious environmental problem as their reinforced structure makes them difficult to degrade naturally. Existing methods of decolorization might be effective but are neither efficient nor practical due to extended time, space, and cost requirements. Attention should be given to the emerging routes for dye decolorization via the enzymatic action of oxidoreductases, which have already a strong presence in various other bioremediation applications. This review will discusses the presence of anthraquinone dyes in the effluents and ways for their remediation from dyehouse effluents, focusing on enzymatic processes.

Green revolution in electronic displays expected to ease energy and health crises

“…e Mechanism of an ECD regulating the ambient light contrast ratio in an AR system 71 . (f) Color gamut and display images of the AR system with the ECD off and on according to different ambient lighting conditions in an office (400 lx), in shade (5000 lx), on a cloudy day (10000 lx), and on a sunny day (15 000 lx) 71 known acid-base dyes is always a challenge 72 . As photobleaching/oxidative degradation is highly correlated with UV and oxygen (O 2 ) exposure, it can possibly be solved by exploring better sealing and packaging materials to avoid O 2 and UV damage.…”

Optimization and kinetic study of anthraquinone dye removal from colored wastewater using soybean seed as a source of peroxidase for environmental welfare

“…They reached 70 % of biodegradation. Given the fact that due to the carbonyl groups of the anthracene core and resonance effects within its structure, the anthraquinone dyes are more difficult for degradation than the azo ones [48]. Nevertheless, the peroxidase showed satisfying results which suggest that it is suitable for the degradation of anthraquinone dyes.…”

Solvent-Free Synthesized Monolithic Ultraporous Aluminas for Highly Efficient Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

“…Since then, the practice of employing synthetic dyes in the printing and dyeing process of fabrics has been extensively developed worldwide. At present, >7 × 10 5 tons of dyes are produced annually, and nearly 10–15% of the total dyes are discharged in the surrounding environment with or without partial treatments, making the dyestuff-related industries responsible for up to 20% of industrial water pollution [ 2 , 3 ]. In addition to the textile industry, other kinds of dye-relevant industries (e.g., paper and pulp, plastic, leather, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and photography) are also recognized as the most polluting industries.…”

“…The majority of dyes industrially used nowadays are organic compounds with complex and reinforced structures, which normally consist of two major components, i.e., chromophore and auxochrome groups [ 2 , 6 , 7 ]. The persistent structure and poor biodegradability of these refractory organics make the choice of an appropriate dye treatment method challenging [ 2 ].…”

“…The majority of dyes industrially used nowadays are organic compounds with complex and reinforced structures, which normally consist of two major components, i.e., chromophore and auxochrome groups [ 2 , 6 , 7 ]. The persistent structure and poor biodegradability of these refractory organics make the choice of an appropriate dye treatment method challenging [ 2 ]. Generally, the most known and extensively applied methods for the treatment of dyehouse effluents can be classified into physical (adsorption, membrane filtration, and reverse osmosis), chemical/electrochemical (adsorption, coagulation, flocculation, and advanced oxidation processes), biological (intracellular, and isolated enzymes) methods, and/or emerging combination of several above-mentioned techniques with the purpose of synergistic effects [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”