“…In the past, and particularly in texts that focus on the beginning of the 19th and the 20th century, medical professionals were viewed mostly in a negative perspective. Some of the reasons cited for this negativity were they performed experimental procedures on the body (e.g., Hickey, 2006;Ferguson, 2002;Lopez, 1998), medicalized reproduction and labor (e.g., Light, 2013;Hart et al, 2006;Woliver, 2002;Riessman, 1998) without evidence of their safety or effectiveness (Ratcliff, 2002), performed surgery without anesthesia on slaves (e.g., Hickey, 2006), were xenophobic (e.g., Riessman, 1998), were profit oriented (e.g., Barnack-Tavlaris, 2015;Hart et al, 2006;Woliver, 2002), encouraged the use of certain "drugs as routine aid to socialization" (e.g., Hart et al 2006: 158;Conrad and Schneider, 2014) and created a demand for drugs for patients (e.g., Riessman, 1998), inspected, regulated, and controlled the body to medicalize sexuality (e.g., Hickey, 2006), aggressively superintended a mother's parenting (e.g., Sanders, 2017;Greil, 2002), allied with manufacturing industries (e.g., Light, 2013;Fergunson, 2002), did not inform patients of other sources of help (e.g., Stoppard and Gammell, 2003), and reinforced negative stereotypes about women (e.g., McClellan, 2017;Wolf, 2012), particularly impoverished women (e.g., Lopez, 1998). One study also shows how medicalization research can be used to reinforce judicialization and influence courts to medicalize violence (e.g., Chrisler and Gorman, 2015).…”