Definitive percutaneous treatment of lymphatic malformations of the trunk and extremities

Sclerotherapy for cervical cystic lymphatic malformations in children. Our experience with computed tomography-guided 98% sterile ethanol insertion and a review of the literature

“…Other authors also report good results without complications using ethanol and sodium tetradecyl sulfate 3% to enhance the intralesional effects of ethanol [36,37].…”

Vascular anomalies: classification, imaging characteristics and implications for interventional radiology treatment approaches

“…Surgery is the preferred first-line management although microcystic LMs recur in 40% of patients with incomplete excision and in 17% of patients with complete resection. 104 Sclerotherapy is typically ineffective in treating microcystic LMs, although positive treatment outcomes have been reported with doxycycline, 105 bleomycin 91 and OK-432. 106 In addition, an intermediate response in 50% of cases has also been observed.…”

“…Sclerosing agents are left within the cyst for a variable amount of time depending on which agent is used and, typically, multiple treatments of injection and drainage are required (Figure 6e). 94,105 For large lesions with multiple cysts, the catheter is often secured in place, injecting and draining cysts sequentially for several days.…”

Percutaneous Doxycycline Treatment of Aneurysmal Bone Cysts With Low Recurrence Rate: A Preliminary Report

“…Doxycycline is an antibiotic that heals microcystic and macrocystic lymphatic malformations that are associated with elevated VEGF and MMPs [6,29,39,40]. In bone and soft tissue malignancy cell cultures, doxycycline demonstrates antitumoral properties with inhibition of MMP and angiogenesis [12,13,15], inhibition of osteoclastic function, and induction of osteoclastic apoptosis [12,13,15,19].…”