Definitions for Patient Engagement and Centeredness in Health Care Research and Practice: A Systematic Review by the Ispor Patient Centered Special Interest Group

Abstract

A 1 -A 3 1 8 sequence of medication initiation for prevention of these two events among type 2 diabetic patients in Singapore. Our study patients are newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients at National Healthcare Group polyclinics of Singapore in 2007 and patients are followed up for 8 years. We also compare model-derived treatment strategy with current protocol and no control baseline in Singapore by evaluating the cost-effectiveness. The effectiveness is measured by patients' quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and the cost includes patient direct cost. A Markov decision process model has been developed to determine optimal treatment decisions on timing and sequence of medication initiation for controlling blood pressure and cholesterol level over patients' lifetime. The model considers the following major risk factors, age, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein. These are used to describe patient health states. We use Singapore Coronary Risk Score and the calibrated United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study model to estimate the risks of CHD and stroke among Singapore diabetic population, respectively. Treatment decisions are made on a yearly basis from age 40 to 100. Using the developed model, preliminary analysis demonstrates the reduction on the total medication initiations and the improvement on expected QALYs compared with the current practice. The proposed model would facilitate evidencebased clinical decision making process and help clinicians to make informed and comprehensive treatment decisions for type 2 diabetic patients by incorporating the comparative cost-effectiveness.

Patient engagement in Canada: a scoping review of the ‘how’ and ‘what’ of patient engagement in health research

“…Other terminology like ‘patient activation’, ‘patient and clinical engagement’, ‘citizen engagement’, ‘patient or consumer involvement’ and ‘patient research’ were used once. Several authors [ 13 , 27 , 43 , 50 , 51 ] confirmed a need to have clear, consistent terminology to denote patient engagement, which can be used and applied across various contexts to inform a clear conceptualisation and understanding of patient engagement across the research process.

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“…This has rate-limiting implications; that is, the knowledge-to-action gap [ 29 ] between the ‘what’ and ‘how’ of patient engagement in research, as well as the interrelationship between them, may potentially limit its implementation, ongoing evolution and uptake by health research disciplines [ 33 – 35 ]. This could be in part due to the several actual or perceived barriers to engaging patients in research, including an increase in resources required [ 30 , 35 – 39 ], the possibility of patient voices inadvertently shifting the research agenda away from original purpose [ 15 , 40 , 41 ], a lack of supportive infrastructure and culture [ 21 , 29 ], a lack of clarity in taxonomy of patient engagement in health research [ 14 , 42 , 43 ], tension between physicians and patients [ 44 ], and tokenism [ 15 , 30 ].…”

Triggering Insight: Using Neuroscience to Understand How Priming Changes Individual Cognition during Electronic Brainstorming

“…Another potential area of study could be the use of neurophysiology to better understand cognition as it relates to group engagement. Much research has been produced in this topic area as well (Metiu & Rothbard, 2013;Whitaker & Savage, 2014;Hanna, Oehrlein, Cooblall, Nguyen, & Perfetto, 2016). In Metiu and Rothbard (2013), the authors use a field experiment to examine mutual focus of attention and what reinforces it.…”