Definition of Inflammation, Causes of Inflammation and Possible Anti-inflammatory Strategies

Abstract

Current definition of inflammation by its cardinal signs is obsolete and unsuitable for guiding adequate therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, present theory of the inflammatory process regarding vascular phenomena as essential for generation of cardinal signs is invalid and unable to explain well established empirical facts, particularly the extent of the osmotic pressure and temperature variations within the inflamed tissue.

Evidence for the anti-inflammatory activity of Bupleurum marginatum (Apiaceae) extracts using in vitro and in vivo experiments supported by virtual screening

“…Inflammation is a common pathological phenomenon resulting in severe tissue degeneration with subsequent occurrence of localized oedema. Inflammation is accompanied by a local aggregation of small molecular weight end products (inflammatory mediators) leading to a marked elevation in the osmotic pressure of the affected tissues accompanied by accumulation of excess fluid and rising in its temperature . Basically, inflammatory process is initiated as a normal body defence mechanism to external noxious stimuli and after exposure to a plethora of causative agents such as microbes, viruses, radioactive substances, toxicants as well as allergens …”

Anti inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the methanol leaf extract of <i>Acacia ataxacantha</i> D.C.(Leguminosae) in mice and rats

“…The outcome of this inflammatory response for the host ma be beneficial (invading organisms are or neutralized), or deleterious (arthrit characterized in the acute form by classical signs of pain, redness (flushing), swelling (oedema (warmth) and loss of function (Perianayagam, 2006;Stankov, 2012). An inflammatory response may be induced in a great variety of ways and trauma, injury, antigens (viral, bacteria, protozoa and fungi), some chemicals (turpentine, croton oil other foreign substances which evoke immune responses.…”

“…An inflammatory response may be induced in a great variety of ways and trauma, injury, antigens (viral, bacteria, protozoa and fungi), some chemicals (turpentine, croton oil other foreign substances which evoke immune responses. The character of the injury, its severity and the site of injury, each modified the progress of inflammatory responses as does the therapeutic intervention being administered (Stankov, 2012). A local inflammatory response is usually accompanied by systemic changes such as fever (pyrexia), malaise and an increase in circulating leucocytes 2012; Kumar et al, 2013).…”

“…It is by classical signs of ss (flushing), swelling (oedema), heat Perianayagam, 2006; An inflammatory response may be uced in a great variety of ways and these include; trauma, injury, antigens (viral, bacteria, protozoa and turpentine, croton oil) and other foreign substances which evoke immune responses. The character of the injury, its severity and the site of injury, each modified the progression of inflammatory responses as does the therapeutic (Stankov, 2012). A local inflammatory response is usually accompanied by systemic changes such as fever (pyrexia), malaise and an increase in circulating leucocytes (Stankov, fever) is elevated body temperature (> 37.8 °C orally or > 38.2 °C rectally) or an elevation above a person's known normal body temperature (Felton, secondary impact of infection, tissue damage, inflammation, graft rejection, malignancy or other diseased states.…”

“…The infected or damaged tissue enhances the formation of inflammatory mediators (cytokines like interleukin rease the synthesis of PGE 2 near pre-optic hypothalamus area, thereby triggering the hypothalamus to elevate the body temperature (Spacer and Breder, 1994) anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and paracetamol are employed in the management of pain. Due to cost of drug and adverse effects associated with the use of these drugs, majority of people in developing countries rely on medicinal plants in management of inflammatory pain (Stankov, 2012;Kumar et al, 2013) World Health Organization (WHO) inclusion of herbal medicines of proven safety and efficacy in the healthcare programs of developing countries, despite the huge advanc orthodox medicine (WHO, 2002;Elujoba Kareru et al, 2007). Research have shown that herbal medicine contain phytochemicals that can help alleviate injuries and inflammatory conditions (Verma et al, 2011).…”