Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents

Craig, Maria E.; Jefferies, Craig; Dabelea, Dana; Baldé, N.M.; Seth, Anju; Donaghue, Kim C.

doi:10.1111/pedi.12186

Cited by 333 publications

(349 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Poremećaji metabolizma ugljikohidrata, masti i bjelančevina koji se javljaju u ŠB-u nastaju zbog poremećenog djelovanja inzulina na ciljno tkivo 1 . Kriteriji za ŠB temelje se na koncentraciji glukoze u krvi i prisutnosti ili odsutnosti simptoma bolesti (tablica 1).…”

Section: Uvodunclassified

Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children

2016

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Sažetak. Šećerna bolest tipa 1 (ŠB) najčešća je endokrinološka bolest dječje dobi. Karakterizirana je deficitom inzulina koji nastaje zbog autoimunog uništenja β stanica gušterače. Javlja se u genetski predisponiranih osoba, a može biti potaknuta provocirajućim čimbenicima iz okoliša. Incidencija ŠB-a tipa 1 u djece je u porastu, u prvom redu u djece mlađe od 5 godina. Znakovi i simptomi bolesti razvijaju se brzo, obično u periodu kroz nekoliko tjedana. Tipični simptomi su poliurija, polidipsija, polifagija i gubitak na tjelesnoj težini. U nekih pacijenata inicijalni simptom početka ŠB-a tipa 1 je dijabetička ketoacidoza, po život opasno metaboličko stanje. Liječenje ŠB-a tipa 1 tijekom djetinjstva i adolescencije je kompleksno je i zahtjevno. Osnova liječenja pacijenata sa ŠB-om tipa 1 je inzulin. Postoji više različitih pripravaka inzulina i načina aplikacije inzulina. Intenzivirana terapija inzulinom u usporedbi s konvencionalnom terapijom poboljšava kontrolu glikemije i smanjuje dugoročne komplikacije ŠB-a. Važna komponenta u liječenju djece sa ŠB-om tipa 1 je pravilna prehrana. Glavni terapijski cilj je dobra kontrola glikemije (glikolizirani hemoglobin < 7,5 %) kako bi se spriječile kratkoročne i dugoročne komplikacije bolesti. Najčešće komplikacije bolesti u djece su hipoglikemija, hiperglikemija i dijabetička ketoacidoza.Ključne riječi: djeca; inzulin; liječenje; šećerna bolest tipa 1 Abstract. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic endocrine disease worldwide in children. It is characterised by autoimmune destruction of the β cells leading to insulin deficiency. This process occurs in genetically susceptible persons, and is probably triggered by one or more environmental factors. The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is rising, especially in young children (age < 5 years). The signs and symptoms of disease in children usually develop quickly, over a period of a few weeks. Typical symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss. In some patients diabetic ketoacidosis, a life-threatening metabolic state, can be the initial presentation of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes management is complex and challenging, particularly during childhood and adolescence. Insulin therapy is the mainstay in management of type 1 diabetes mellitus. There are many different insulin preparations and delivery systems available. Intensive insulin therapy compared with conventional therapy improves glycemic control and decreases long-term complications of diabetes. Another important issue in the management of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus includes nutrition. The main therapeuthic goal is good glycemic control of the disease (glycated haemoglobin <7,5 %) in order to prevent short and long term diabetic complications. The most common complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis.

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Section: Uvodunclassified

Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children

2016

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“…But contrary to data from the IDF in 2011 that says that male more than female as much as 1.5 times. However, based on ISPAD data in the same year mentioned that gender differences to the incidence of T1DM did not occur as a whole worldwide [1]. These differences are due to differences in population, race, and number of research subjects [19].…”

Section: Subject Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2010, children who suffer from T1DM has reach 480,000 patients worldwide and the number of new cases which diagnosed each year reach 75,800 children [1]. The prevalence of T1DM in Indonesia was 3.1 per 100,000 population in 2011 [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of 25(OH)D3, IL-2, and C-peptide in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) Receiving Vitamin D3 Supplementation

Suryanto

Tjahjono

Widjajanto

2018

J.Trop.Life.Science

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Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) has become a health problem in many countries. T1DM is the consequence of autoimmune destruction process of β cells. There was relationship between vitamin D deficiency with T1DM. The destruction process was caused by an imbalance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. One of the pro-inflammatory cytokines is IL-2. C-peptide examination to see the function of beta cells due to destruction of pancreatic beta cell. Administration of vitamin D 3 supplementation still cause controversy and give varying results. This randomized clinical trial was conducted to determine the levels of 25(OH)D 3 , IL-2, and C-peptide in people with T1DM who received vitamin D 3 supplementation. The subjects were 26 children with T1DM, divided into K1 group (received vitamin D 3 supplementation) and K2 group (received placebo). The results showed higher levels of 25(OH)D 3 in the K1 group and statistically found a significant difference (p = 0.00). Higher levels of IL-2 and lower C-peptide were obtained in the K1 group and no statistically significant differences were found (p = 0.76 and p= 0.26). The insignificant relationship and the negative correlation were found between 25(OH)D 3 and IL-2 (p = 0.71; r = -0.12), 25(OH)D 3 and C-peptide (p = 0.59; r = -0.16), also levels of IL-2 and C-peptide (p = 0.13; r = -0.44) in children with type 1 diabetes who received vitamin D3 supplementation. From this study can be concluded that administration vitamin D 3 supplementation in patients with T1DM can increase levels 25(OH)D 3 significantly. This increase has not significantly lowered levels of IL-2 and increased levels of C-peptide. However, there was an absolute decrease in the rate of slower C-peptide in the supplemented group than in the placebo group.

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“…So defects in insulin secretion or action can cause to metabolic abnormalities. Insufficient levels of insulin to perform its action and/or insulin resistance in the target tissues such as mainly adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and partially liver, at the level of insulin receptors, signal transduction system, and/or effector enzymes or genes all are associated with these metabolic abnormalities [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The disease absolute insulin deficiency in children may present with characteristic symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. When diabetes is uncontrolled because of appearance ketoacidosis or rare from nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome, it can cause anesthesia, coma and even death if it is not cured [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Bioinformatics Analysis On Diabetes Associated Proteins

Çolak

2016

scjournal

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Definition, epidemiology, and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents

Cited by 333 publications

References 146 publications

Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children

Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children

Levels of 25(OH)D3, IL-2, and C-peptide in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) Receiving Vitamin D3 Supplementation

Structural Bioinformatics Analysis On Diabetes Associated Proteins

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