Defining victims: a proposed typology for victims of war crimes and their need for reparation

Wemmers, Jo-Anne; Manirabona, Amissi Melchiade

doi:10.1017/cbo9781107446700.014

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…(OHCR 1984) The approach used in this paper pushes for a more englobing definition of torture that takes into consideration a more contemporary victims typology. This typology considers that the definition of victims "extends well beyond the individual, direct victim of crime and in-cludes many different groups of persons" like family members (Wemmers and Manirabona 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Victimology researchers such as Wemmers and Manirabona propose a typology for victims of war crimes that takes into consideration the impact on the groups, communities and societies that have suffered harm -for example, the fear that is created by the systematic use of violence. Fear alone can create trauma that is as worthy to be considered as a rehabilitation need as a direct victim's trauma (Wemmers and Manirabona, 2014). This paper will therefore consider 3 levels of victims: the direct victim of enforced disappearance, the family of the direct victim, and the community, mainly Algerians living in the capital, as the vast majority of enforced disappearances occurred in Algiers and therefore had an impact on the social climate in the city.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Analyzing long-term impacts of counterinsurgency tools in civil wars: A case study of enforced disappearances in Algeria

Madi

2021

torture

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The decade long civil war that struck Algeria in the 90s still has strong impacts on the Algerian society today. This article aims at describing how mass human rights violations committed by state actors have repercussions on far more than just the direct victims, which complicates post-war recovery and should be considered during the elaboration of any transitional justice process. Method: Interviews conducted among mothers, brothers and wives of individuals that were taken by state actors and have disappeared since then were analyzed to understand the impact enforced disappearances can have on more than the direct victims. Results: The study of the Algerian experience with enforced disappearances shows that the victimizations that result from enforced disappearances are multi-level and long-term. Discussion: Any post-conflict rehabilitation process that comes after such mass inhuman treatments that aspires to be complete and truly contribute to social well-being needs to also take into consideration secondary level victims, which represent family members of the direct victims, as well as third level victims, which represent the societal and collective memory impacts that result from the use of human rights violation mechanisms by state actors.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing long-term impacts of counterinsurgency tools in civil wars: A case study of enforced disappearances in Algeria

Madi

2021

torture

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Another way suggested to increase emotional understanding about consequences of cellphone use while driving may be by expanding the victim typology. Victim typology is centered around the victim and one's potentially emotional and psychological prox-imity to the event (Wemmers & Manirabona, 2014). An example of applying victim typology to texting and driving behaviours can be to advertise that engaging in texting and driving behaviours can lead to accidents potentially involving people one knows (e.g., family members).…”

Section: Prevention Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellphone use and young drivers.

Dénommée

Foglia

Roy-Charland

et al. 2020

Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Most Canadians are aware of the risk of cellphone use while driving, yet this awareness has little impact on behaviour, especially young driver behaviours. A systematic literature review was conducted to gain a better understanding of this issue. Articles published between 2000 and 2015 were searched within 4 databases using the keywords distract ‫ء‬ , driv ‫ء‬ , and phone. Only articles pertaining to cellphone use while driving and related to young drivers aged 16 -24 were included. Three categories were created based on recurrent topics: self-reported behaviours and attitudes, simulation and naturalistic studies, and prevention. Texting while driving effects drivers' visual scanning of the road; their ability to maintain speed, headway, and lane position; and their ability to follow lane change signs, causing an increased chance in driving collisions. The literature also shows that this behaviour predicts other risky driving behaviours such as speeding while talking on the phone. Furthermore, any form of conversation, including hands free, can be distracting to the driver. Interestingly, drivers are aware of the risks and dangers, yet continue to engage in the behaviour. Young drivers have a lower risk perception of engaging in such risky behaviours which helps explain the prevalence of texting and driving among these individuals. Cellphone use while driving clearly remains a prevalent issue among this age group, which highlights the importance of addressing this matter. Public Significance StatementYoung drivers are at the highest risk for crashes caused by cellphone use while driving. The results of this systematic literature review revealed that young drivers are aware that this behaviour is dangerous. However, they continue to engage in this behaviour. Data provided by this review can help assist in forming prevention strategies to deter this highly at-risk age group from this behaviour.

show abstract

“…Victimization can have serious consequences for individuals and affect both their well-being and their perception of life. Traumatic events, and especially mass violence, can result in long-term impacts on political attitudes (Laufer and Solomon, 2011), personal emotions (Punamaki, 2011; Wemmers and Manirabona, 2014b), social beliefs (Janoff-Bulman and Sheikh, 2006;Wemmers, 2017) and collective emotional orientation or emotional climate (Bar-Tal et al, 2007; (a) Murder; (b) Extermination; (c) Enslavement; (d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population; (e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law; (f) Torture; (g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity; (h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court; (i) Enforced disappearance of persons; (j) The crime of apartheid; (k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health. (Article 7,Rome Statute) Since its independence in 1958, Guinea has been governed by various authoritarian regimes, which have caused the death of more than 60,000 people, the exile of thousands of individuals, and the rape of hundreds of women (Bah et al, 2018;Human Rights Watch, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions of justice and victims of crimes against humanity in Guinea

Balde

Wemmers

2020

International Review of Victimology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Crimes against humanity in Guinea have caused many thousands of deaths, the exile of countless individuals, and the rape of hundreds of women. Since its independence in 1958, Guinea has been ruled by various authoritarian regimes and experienced periods of grave violence, most notably from 1958 to 1984, under the rule of Sékou Touré and, more recently, in 2009, under the rule of Moussa Dadis Camara. While some effort has been made to address these crimes, victims continue to demand justice. This raises the question: what does justice mean for victims of crimes against humanity in Guinea? In this paper, we examine the meaning of justice for 31 Guinean victims of crimes against humanity. Using justice theory as a framework, we examine the perceptions and experiences of these victims regarding justice to promote reconciliation and lasting peace.

show abstract

Defining victims: a proposed typology for victims of war crimes and their need for reparation

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Analyzing long-term impacts of counterinsurgency tools in civil wars: A case study of enforced disappearances in Algeria

Analyzing long-term impacts of counterinsurgency tools in civil wars: A case study of enforced disappearances in Algeria

Cellphone use and young drivers.

Perceptions of justice and victims of crimes against humanity in Guinea

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About