Deficient inhibition in alcohol-dependence: let’s consider the role of the motor system!

Quoilin, Caroline; Wilhelm, Emmanuelle; Maurage, Pierre; Timary, Philippe de; Duqué, Julie

doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0074-0

Cited by 39 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The current findings in GDPs contrast considerably with our prior observations in alcohol-dependent patients (ADPs), which revealed a major lack of preparatory suppression, especially in the patients who relapsed during the year following the testing (9). As GDPs are preserved from the neurotoxic influence of drugs of abuse, one straightforward interpretation of the discrepancy between both studies is that the lack of preparatory suppression observed in ADPs arises as a consequence of chronic alcohol consumption.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Among the different processes assisting inhibitory control, an increasing focus has been drawn on mechanisms allowing to downregulate the excitability of the motor system ( 5 ). Accordingly, a drastic suppression of motor activity has been reported when subjects are in the process of stopping an action ( 6 , 7 ), but also during the preparation of motor acts ( 8 , 9 ). In particular, by measuring motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1), studies have monitored changes in the excitability of the corticospinal pathway during instructed-delay choice reaction time (RT) tasks ( 10 – 14 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Considering Motor Excitability During Action Preparation in Gambling Disorder: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

2020

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A lack of inhibitory control appears to contribute to the development and maintenance of addictive disorders. Among the mechanisms thought to assist inhibitory control, an increasing focus has been drawn on the so-called preparatory suppression, which refers to the drastic suppression observed in the motor system during action preparation. Interestingly, deficient preparatory suppression has been reported in alcohol use disorders. However, it is currently unknown whether this deficit also concerns behavioral, substance-free, addictions, and thus whether it might represent a vulnerability factor common to both substance and behavioral addictive disorders. To address this question, neural measures of preparatory suppression were obtained in gambling disorder patients (GDPs) and matched healthy control subjects. To do so, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the left and the right motor cortex to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in both hands when participants were performing a choice reaction time task. In addition, choice and rapid response impulsivity were evaluated in all participants, using self-report measures and neuropsychological tasks. Consistent with a large body of literature, the MEP data revealed that the activity of the motor system was drastically reduced during action preparation in healthy subjects. Surprisingly, though, a similar MEP suppression was observed in GDPs, indicating that those subjects do not globally suffer from a deficit in preparatory suppression. By contrast, choice impulsivity was higher in GDPs than healthy subjects, and a higher rapid response impulsivity was found in the more severe forms of GD. Altogether, those results demonstrated that although some aspects of inhibitory control are impaired in GDPs, these alterations do not seem to concern preparatory suppression. Yet, the profile of individuals suffering of a GD is very heterogeneous, with only part of them presenting an impulsive disposition, such as in patients with alcohol use disorders. Hence, a lack of preparatory suppression may be only shared by this sub-type of addicts, an interesting issue for future investigation.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considering Motor Excitability During Action Preparation in Gambling Disorder: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

2020

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“…It also provided us with a very precise measure of the RTs (precision = 1 ms), while controlling for the initial position of the index fingers. This set-up has been used in previously published work (Quoilin et al, 2016, 2018, 2019; Grandjean et al, 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor training strengthens corticospinal suppression during movement preparation

Vassiliadis

Derosière

Grandjean

et al. 2020

Preprint

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46Motor training improves the efficiency of trained movements and modifies neural activity 47 at rest and during motor execution. Training may also shape preparatory processes but the neural 48 correlates and the potential behavioral relevance of changes at the level of action preparation 49 remain unclear. In humans, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have shown that 50 movement preparation is accompanied by a suppression of corticospinal (CS) excitability relative 51 to a baseline measure; a phenomenon called preparatory suppression. Here, we trained participants 52 to initiate quick movements in an instructed-delay reaction time (RT) task and investigated resting 53 CS excitability as well as preparatory suppression over the practice blocks. We found that training 54 speeds up motor initiation, with no repercussion on error rates. Moreover, training increased 55 baseline CS excitability and deepened preparatory suppression. Importantly, training-related 56 changes in preparatory suppression were correlated to behavioral improvements: the subjects who 57 showed a stronger expansion of preparatory suppression were also those exhibiting larger gains in 58 RTs. Finally, in line with previous data, we observed a trial-by-trial relationship between the 59 amount of preparatory suppression and the subsequent RT: subjects responded faster on trials with 60 more preparatory suppression. Strikingly though, such a dependency of RTs on preparatory 61 suppression was tuned by the amount of training performed: while it was not evident early on, the 62 link emerged during the later practice blocks. Overall, our data indicate that training induces 63 changes in motor preparatory processes that are linked to an enhanced ability to initiate fast 64 movements. 65 66 67 3 Significance statement 68 69 Any movement is preceded by a period of preparation which involves significant changes 70 in the activity of the motor system, including a broad suppression of the corticospinal output 71 pathway, commonly referred to as preparatory suppression in human studies. Whether training can 72 alter such preparatory activity is unknown. Here, we show that motor training leads to a 73 strengthening of preparatory suppression in an instructed-delay reaction time (RT) task, and that 74 such change is related to a shortening of RTs. Moreover, at the single-trial level, we observed a 75 dependency of RTs on preparatory suppression which developed over training: the stronger the 76 preparatory suppression, the faster the RT. These results indicate that motor training can alter 77 motor preparatory activity in a behaviorally-relevant manner. 78 79 80 4 1. Introduction 81 82 Motor training generally improves the speed and/or accuracy at which movements are 83 selected, initiated and executed. A great deal of research has been devoted to unveiling the 84 functional changes at the basis of such improvements (Krakauer et al., 2019). At the neural level, 85 neuroimaging (e.g., Wiestler and Diedrichsen, 2013; Wenger et al., 2017; Yokoi and D...

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“…Alcohol-dependents exhibit reduced RMT, AMT, and MEPs compared to healthy controls [ 30 , 32 ]. In contrast, other studies report no chronic-related effects on RMT, AMT or MEPs [ 23 , 28 , 31 ].…”

Section: Alcoholmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of Recreational Substance Use in TMS Research

2020

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(1) Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) approaches are widely used to study cortical and corticospinal function. However, responses to TMS are subject to significant intra-and inter-individual variability. Acute and chronic exposure to recreational substances alters the excitability of the sensorimotor system and may contribute to the variability in TMS outcome measures. The increasing prevalence of recreational substance use poses a significant challenge for executing TMS studies, but there is a lack of clarity regarding the influence of these substances on sensorimotor function. (2) Methods: The literature investigating the influence of alcohol, nicotine, caffeine and cannabis on TMS outcome measures of corticospinal, intracortical and interhemispheric excitability was reviewed. (3) Results: Both acute and chronic use of recreational substances modulates TMS measures of excitability. Despite the abundance of research in this field, we identify knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future studies to better understand the influence of these substances on TMS outcomes. (4) Conclusions: This review highlights the need for TMS studies to take into consideration the history of participant substance use and to control for acute substance use prior to testing.

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Deficient inhibition in alcohol-dependence: let’s consider the role of the motor system!

Cited by 39 publications

References 43 publications

Considering Motor Excitability During Action Preparation in Gambling Disorder: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

Considering Motor Excitability During Action Preparation in Gambling Disorder: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study

Motor training strengthens corticospinal suppression during movement preparation

The Influence of Recreational Substance Use in TMS Research

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