Defective Figure Drawing, Geometric and Human, in Turnerʼs Syndrome

Alexander, Duane; Ehrhardt, Anke Α.; Money, John

doi:10.1097/00005053-196602000-00007

Cited by 76 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Nearly all propositi (26/28) showed visual motor perception under their chronological age, which corroborates the conclusions of several studies about TS carriers, investigated with BT (Alexander et al, 1966;Brostein and Armendares, 1976;Ricardi, 1996), and other studies using various nonverbal IQ tests (Alexander et al, 1966apud Dellantonio et al, 1984Delooz et al, 1993;Ross et al, 2002).…”

Section: Bender Testsupporting

confidence: 85%

Psychogenetics of Turner syndrome: an investigation of 28 subjects and respective controls using the Bender test and Piagetian scales

Fonseca¹,

Zaia²,

Pellegrino-Rosa³

et al. 2010

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Piagetian scales and the Bender visual motor gestalt test (BT) were applied to 28 subjects with universal 45,X Turner syndrome (TS), and their respective controls, in order to investigate their cognitive performance. Dermatoglyphics were also analyzed to obtain clues concerning embryological changes that may have appeared during development of the nervous system and could be associated with cognitive performance of TS patients. Dermatoglyphic pattern distribution was similar to that reported in previous studies of TS individuals: ulnar loops in the digital patterns and finger ridge, a-b, and A'-d counts were more frequent, while arch and whorl patterns were less frequent compared to controls. However, we did not find higher frequencies of hypothenar pattern, maximum atd angle, and ulnarity index in our TS subjects, unlike other investigations. Furthermore, we found significant differences between TS and control T line index values. The BT scores were also lower in probands, as has been previously reported, revealing a neurocognitive deficit of visual motor perception in TS individuals, which could be due to an absence of, or deficiency in, cerebral hemispheric lateralization. However, TS subjects seemed to improve their performance on BT with age. Cognitive performance of the TS subjects was not significantly different from that of controls, confirming a previous study in which TS performance was found to be similar to that of the normal Brazilian population. There were significant correlations between BT scores and Piagetian scale levels with dermatoglyphic parameters. This association could be explained by changes in the common ectodermal origin of the epidermis and the central nervous system. TS subjects seem to succeed in compensating their spatial impairments in adapting their cognitive and social contacts. We concluded that genetic counseling should consider cognitive and psychosocial difficulties presented by TS subjects, providing appropriate treatment and orientation for them and their families.

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Section: Bender Testsupporting

confidence: 85%

Psychogenetics of Turner syndrome: an investigation of 28 subjects and respective controls using the Bender test and Piagetian scales

Fonseca¹,

Zaia²,

Pellegrino-Rosa³

et al. 2010

Genet. Mol. Res.

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“…Individuals born with this genetic abnormality are phenotypic females, although they generally do not develop mature female secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or body hair) unless estrogen replacement therapy is introduced. Groups of Turner syndrome patients have been studied for the past 15 years (Money, 1963;Alexander et al, 1964Alexander et al, , 1966Money and Alexander, 1966 and others) and their performance on various tests of intel lectual functioning noted. Initial findings of Money's groups revealed that Turner syndrome patients typically showed lower Performance than Verbal scores on the WA1S and particularly low scores on subtests of spatial ability: Block Design and Object Assembly.…”

Section: Genetic Influence On Sex Differences In Intellectual Functiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning: Evidence, Determinants, Implications

1980

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The purpose of this article is to examine the evidence for sex differences in cognitive functioning and to review and evaluate evidence for hormonal, genetic, neuro-anatomical, and cultural determinants of such differences. Inadequacies in the evidence for sex differences, such as underreporting of negative findings, failure to measure effect size, small sample sizes, etc., are noted. It is likely that sex hormones influence the organization and functioning of the brain. Sex differences in brain organization and functioning are discussed. In summary, the existence of sex differences in cognitive functioning is clear, but further research is needed to elucidate the determinants of these differences.

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“…Deficits in visual spatial skills are among the earliest and most consistently reported findings from studies of the Turner syndrome cognitive phenotype [e.g., Shafer, 1962;Alexander et al, 1966;Waber, 1979;Rovet and Netley, 1982], leading to claims ''that the Turner syndrome deficit appears to be confined primarily to processes involved in dealing with spatial information'' [Rovet and Netley, 1982, p. 90]. Still, even the earliest studies produced inconsistent evidence across components of this highly complex domain [e.g., Silbert et al, 1977;Waber, 1979], and conflicting support for specific right hemisphere [Alexander et al, 1966] or bilateral [Pennington et al, 1985] dysfunction.…”

Section: Visual Spatial Skills In Females With Turner Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Still, even the earliest studies produced inconsistent evidence across components of this highly complex domain [e.g., Silbert et al, 1977;Waber, 1979], and conflicting support for specific right hemisphere [Alexander et al, 1966] or bilateral [Pennington et al, 1985] dysfunction. Shafer [1962] reported poor visual memory and poor perceptual organizational scores in girls and women with Turner syndrome, further supported by some [e.g., Alexander et al, 1966] but not all [e.g., Waber, 1979] of the later studies. Shafer found that females with Turner syndrome showed below age-level performance on the Wechsler Block Design and Object Assembly subtests, both of which have a visuo-constructional component; and also on the Benton Visual Retention that requires immediate reproduction of geometric shapes.…”

Section: Visual Spatial Skills In Females With Turner Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical learning disability in girls with Turner syndrome: A challenge to defining MLD and its subtypes

Mazzocco

2009

Dev Disabil Res Revs

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Turner syndrome is a common disorder with a prevalence of 1:2,500 live female births. Although not associated with mental retardation, there is an increased risk of learning difficulties in this population. In particular, mathematical learning difficulties among girls with Turner syndrome are prevalent, significant, and persistent. As such, the study of mathematical performance in girls with Turner syndrome presents opportunities to advance our knowledge of mathematics ability, disability, and disability subtypes. Moreover, the Turner syndrome phenotype illustrates the challenges faced when defining mathematical learning disability (MLD) and characterizing MLD subtypes because the cognitive phenotype is aligned with several proposed MLD subtypes. There is some evidence linking MLD in Turner syndrome with spatial deficits, with executive dysfunction, and with deficient numerosity skills. Yet there is also conflicting evidence as to whether any of these explanations underlies MLD in Turner syndrome. Most mathematical difficulties in girls with Turner syndrome, as a group, occur on timed tests or on complex problems. On untimed tests, achievement test scores may be age appropriate. Therefore, the inclusion of MLD in the Turner syndrome cognitive phenotype reminds us that we cannot rule out MLD solely on the basis of performance on an untimed calculations subtest, and it poses a challenge to the widespread practice in which many researchers engage, that is, defining MLD on the basis of broad mathematics achievement test outcomes.

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Defective Figure Drawing, Geometric and Human, in Turnerʼs Syndrome

Cited by 76 publications

References 0 publications

Psychogenetics of Turner syndrome: an investigation of 28 subjects and respective controls using the Bender test and Piagetian scales

Psychogenetics of Turner syndrome: an investigation of 28 subjects and respective controls using the Bender test and Piagetian scales

Sex Differences in Cognitive Functioning: Evidence, Determinants, Implications

Mathematical learning disability in girls with Turner syndrome: A challenge to defining MLD and its subtypes

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