Defect microstructures of TiO2 rutile due to Zr4+ dissolution and expulsion

Pulsed Laser Ablation Induced Fragmentation, Transformation, Internal Stress, Sn2+/H+ Cosignature, and Optical Property Change of SnO2 Powders in Water

“…Such planar defects could have something to do with crystallographic shear (CS) due to the substitution of Sn 4+ with Sn 2+ in CN 6 to form Sn Sn ″ and charge compensating oxygen vacancies for α-PbO 2 -type SnO 2 for cassiterite with rutile-type structure following defect chemistry eq . In this connection, CS was known to occur for the nonstoichiometric TiO 2– x rutile with oxygen vacancy distribution along specific atomic planes, − Zr-doped TiO 2 rutile, and ZrTiO 4 with a α-PbO 2 -type structure …”

Phase transformations and microstructures of TiO2–SnO2 due to solution annealing versus reactive sintering

“…zones and commensurate superstructures in Ti 4+ -dissolved MgO, 6 and Zr 4+ -doped TiO 2 . 7 The rate of interdiffusion between TiO 2 and SnO 2 is of concern to the common tangent, i.e. chemical potential, of the chemical free energy curves of the metastable precipitates phase and the rutile phase at a given undercooling with respect to the solvus.…”

“…zone with the plate surface parallel to (1 0 0) and (0 1 0) in association with dislocations. 7 Diffuse diffractions as a result of Zr 4+ substitution for Ti 4+ with volume/charge compensating defect clusters and commensurate superstructures with apparent triple {1 0 1} and {1 1 1} periodicity also occurred as metastable intermediates, which are presumably the precursor of the equilibrium ZrTi 2 O 6 precipitate. 7 …”

(hkil)-specific G.P. zones in Sn- versus Zr-doped α-Al2O3 by solution annealing

“…The TiO 2 rutile doped with Zr 4+ [2] or Zn 2+ [3], however, showed (1 0 0) and (0 1 0)-specific Guinier-Preston (G.P.) zone plates besides other planar defects and commensurate superstructures when solution annealed.…”

“…zone plates besides other planar defects and commensurate superstructures when solution annealed. In the case of Zr 4+ -doped TiO 2 , incommensurate as well as commensurate superstructures with triple (1 0 1) and (1 1 1) periodicity also occurred as metastable intermediates [2]. As for the case of Zn 2+ -doped TiO 2 , a rather limited solid solution and exsolution of the aliovalent cation Zn 2+ typically caused the formation of crystallographic shear (CS) [3].…”