Phase transformations and microstructures of TiO2–SnO2 due to solution annealing versus reactive sintering

(hkil)-specific G.P. zones in Sn- versus Zr-doped α-Al2O3 by solution annealing

“…analogous to the precondensation effect for the unusual surface formation during the crystal growth [10]. Anisotropic expulsion of solute was also observed for the spinodal decomposition in TiO 2 -SnO 2 binary [11] although to a much larger extent than the present case of G.P. zone precipitation.…”

Thermoelectric Properties of Undoped and Doped (Ti0.75Sn0.25)O2

“…(a); they are viewed as extended defects of rhombohedral oxide structure in rutile. Yu and Shen have revealed ilmenite precipitates (SnTiO 3 ) in TiO 2 ‐SnO 2 system that exhibited epitaxy with the rutile matrix but showed no GP zones. The epitaxial relationship between ilmenite (i) and rutile ( r ) is (001) i //(100) r [100] i //[010] r .…”

Defect Clustering and Ordering in Zn-Doped TiO2 upon Solution Annealing

“…7 It should be noted that the ordering to form commensurate superstructure could possibly proceed simultaneously with defect clustering in the present Zn-doped TiO 2 and our previously studied case of SnO 2 -TiO 2 solid solution. 15 In fact, recent theoretical calculations, considering the interactions with the second nearest neighbors in addition to the first ones, indicated that defect clustering and ordering may both be valid diffusional pathways in the decomposition of alloys. 16 GP Zones under the Influence of Anisotropic Lattice Diffusion and Internal Stress.…”

“…The 3x(101) commensurate superstructure can be attributed to the ordering of Zn 2+ and Ti 4+ upon solution annealing at 900 °C analogous to the exsolution of metastable platelike commensurate superstructures from Ti 4+ -dissolved MgO, 14 Zr 4+ -doped TiO 2 , 6 and Ti-dissolved rutile-type SnO 2 . 15 This minor commensurate superstructure is an extended defect, which occurs, in the exsolution process, possibly as a metastable intermediate of the stable bulk phase, i.e., ZnTiO 3 below 945 °C. 7 It should be noted that the ordering to form commensurate superstructure could possibly proceed simultaneously with defect clustering in the present Zn-doped TiO 2 and our previously studied case of SnO 2 -TiO 2 solid solution.…”

“…The 3 x (101) commensurate superstructure can be attributed to the ordering of Zn 2+ and Ti 4+ upon solution annealing at 900 °C analogous to the exsolution of metastable platelike commensurate superstructures from Ti 4+ -dissolved MgO, Zr 4+ -doped TiO 2 , and Ti-dissolved rutile-type SnO 2 . This minor commensurate superstructure is an extended defect, which occurs, in the exsolution process, possibly as a metastable intermediate of the stable bulk phase, i.e., ZnTiO 3 below 945 °C .…”