“…In the face of continuous fuel quality challenges, ODS has been proven to be an effective way to produce clean materials due to its strong ability for deep desulfurization, economy, and simplicity. 15,16 In order to achieve better desulfurization performance, it is necessary to develop efficient catalysts. At present, ODS catalysts include metal-free, 17 metal–organic frameworks, 18 metal oxides, 19 zeolites, 20 polyoxometalates (POMs), 21 and others.…”