Deep eutectic solvents microbial toxicity: Current state of art and critical evaluation of testing methods

Marchel, Mateusz; Cieśliński, Hubert; Boczkaj, Grzegorz

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127963

Cited by 76 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…35 Hence, this result seems to support our assumption that DES toxicity testing cannot be limited to the use of only one of the widely recognized methods for testing the antibacterial properties of natural and synthetic chemical compounds. 35 Nevertheless, looking more closely at the data from absorbance measurements collected for each well of the 96-well plate during MIC assay (data not shown), it can be indeed seen that more bacterial cells survived at the MIC value when comparing primary and heated DES samples. Furthermore, from Table 3, it can be observed that the same concentrations of malonic acid individually and DES were needed to inhibit the bacterial growth.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…They were chosen due their previous use in antimicrobial studies 42 and the fact that many other strains belonging to the E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa genus were previously used as representative models of Gram-positive and Gram-negative species for assaying antimicrobial activity of many types of DESs and compounds used as HBAs and HBDs in their preparation. 35 Disk Diffusion Test. The toxicity of the compounds after contact with the bacteria was primarily determined using disk diffusion assay.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, besides the studies on toxicity of primary DES, also the toxicity of DES recovered after the process should be examined. 35 Very often, some of the processes require the use of characteristic conditions, for example, elevated temperatures, ultrasounds, or microwaves. Such factors can cause DES chemical instability and lead to formation of harmful byproducts.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Instability of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents and Its Influence on Their Toxicity─Important Limitations of DESs as Sustainable Materials

Marchel

Cieśliński

Boczkaj

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have become a hot topic in many branches of science due to their remarkable properties. They have been studied in a wide variety of applications. In particular, choline chloride (ChCl)-based DESs are one of the most commonly used representatives of these fluids. Nevertheless, in order to apply DESs in some fields, it is essential to guarantee their stability, reusability, and biocompatibility. In this context, the long-term stability of three ChCl-based DESs formed using glucose, malonic acid, and urea as hydrogen bond donors was investigated. Furthermore, the possible formation of toxic byproducts during long-term heating was evaluated for the first time, and toxicological studies using three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) were performed. ChCl:urea DES revealed a high long-term thermal stability and was also found to be less toxic to the bacteria and thus can be considered as green solvent. ChCl:glucose DES started to decompose as a result of possible caramelization at 100 °C, and decomposition was further promoted at more elevated temperatures. Degradation of this DES did not affect greatly the toxicity toward bacteria, and low antibacterial properties were observed. The applicability of ChCl:malonic DES is not recommended as this DES was shown to be thermally unstable due to esterification and decomposition of malonic acid into acetic acid and carbon dioxide. Moreover, high toxicity of this DES in comparison to other DESs assayed in this study was reported.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Instability of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents and Its Influence on Their Toxicity─Important Limitations of DESs as Sustainable Materials

Marchel

Cieśliński

Boczkaj

2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…In Area 1, a progressive biocidal response is observed for DES 5, 4, and 2, followed by DES 3 and 1; in Area 2, for DES 4, 2, and 5, followed by DES 3 and 1. This response is in agreement with the literature [ 28 ]. Indeed, DES 2 and 4, consisting of malonic acid and oxalic acid, respectively, have a more acidic pH, therefore creating conditions that limit bacterial growth.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs): Preliminary Results for Their Use Such as Biocides in the Building Cultural Heritage

Macchia

Strangis

Angelis³

et al. 2022

Materials

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Biodeterioration is an increasingly widespread process of degradation in the context of the conservation of cultural heritage, which involves a combination of physical and chemical damages together with an aesthetic alteration of materials. For biological damage on monuments caused by pathogens, macro- and microorganisms, chemical treatments are generally used, most of the time dangerous for the environment and for the operator. In this context, new eco-friendly products represent necessary tools for the treatment of biologically deteriorated stone surfaces and represent a new challenge in the field of restoration and conservation of materials of cultural interest. A relatively new class of unconventional green solvents are deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which have peculiar chemical-physical characteristics such as being non-toxic, ecological, biodegradable, non-flammable, and stable in the presence of water. Furthermore, many DESs known in the literature have also been shown to have a biocidal action. All these characteristics make DESs very advantageous and safe, and they could be used as biocidal agents for the treatment of biodegraded surfaces of cultural heritage, being non-toxic for the environment and for the operator. So far, they are used in various fields, but they still represent a novel frontier in the cultural heritage sector. The present research aims at testing five different DESs for the first time in cultural heritage. In particular, DESs are applied to a mosaic located in the Ostia Antica Archaeological Park (Rome), and their efficiency is compared with a biocide product currently used in the restoration field, namely, Preventol RI50, through luminescence, bio-luminometry, and spectrocolorimetry analysis. The preliminary results achieved show the different behaviors of each DESs, highlighting the possibility of employing them in the field of cultural heritage. Further studies have been planned, some of which are already underway, to investigate the properties of DESs and indicate any improvements to make them more effective, both as solvents and as biocides, and easy to apply to various types of materials. The results obtained from this first study are very promising for the use of DES as a new green strategy for cleaning and conservation treatments of materials in the field of cultural heritage.

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“…For example, the toxicity of choline chloride (ChCl)-based DESs in three bacterial strains ( E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus ) were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively, and it was concluded that both ChCl:urea and ChCl:glucose seem to have low toxicity, and thus, may be referred to as “green solvents” [ 24 ]. The current studies on the microbial toxicity of DESs showed that they were generally less toxic to different microorganisms and were less toxic than traditional organic solvents; therefore, the use of DESs is encouraged [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic-Assisted Efficient Extraction of Coumarins from Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim Using Deep Eutectic Solvents Combined with an Enzyme Pretreatment

2022

Molecules

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In this study, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total coumarins from Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim (P. decursivum) via the combination of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with cellulase pretreatment was carried out. Among the 15 kinds of DESs with choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptors, the DES system of choline chloride/1,4-butanediol with a molar ratio of 1:4 showed the best extraction effect. First, single-factor experiments were performed using the following factors: liquid–solid ratio, pH, enzyme dosage and ultrasonic temperature. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed to optimize the extraction conditions and obtain the following optimal parameter values for the extraction of coumarins from P. decursivum: liquid–solid ratio 14:1 mL/g, pH 5.0, enzyme dosage 0.2%, ultrasonic temperature 60 °C and ultrasonic time 50 min. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of total coumarins from P. decursivum could reach 2.65%, which was close to the predicted extraction yield of 2.68%. Furthermore, the contents of six coumarins, namely, umbelliferone, nodakenin, xanthotoxin, bergapten, imperatorin and decursin were determined to be 0.707 mg·g−1, 0.085 mg·g−1, 1.651 mg·g−1, 2.806 mg·g−1, 0.570 mg·g−1 and 0.449 mg·g−1, respectively, using HPLC-MS after the optimization. In addition, the cell fragmentation of P. decursivum powder obtained using ultrasonic-assisted DES extraction with enzyme pretreatment was found to be the most comprehensive using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which indicated the highest extraction efficiency for P. decursivum. Finally, the in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated via radical scavenging with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), which showed that ultrasonic-assisted DES extraction with enzyme pretreatment exhibited significant antioxidant activity with DPPH radical scavenging of up to 97.90%. This work developed a new and efficient extraction method for coumarins.

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Deep eutectic solvents microbial toxicity: Current state of art and critical evaluation of testing methods

Cited by 76 publications

References 103 publications

Thermal Instability of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents and Its Influence on Their Toxicity─Important Limitations of DESs as Sustainable Materials

Thermal Instability of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents and Its Influence on Their Toxicity─Important Limitations of DESs as Sustainable Materials

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs): Preliminary Results for Their Use Such as Biocides in the Building Cultural Heritage

Ultrasonic-Assisted Efficient Extraction of Coumarins from Peucedanum decursivum (Miq.) Maxim Using Deep Eutectic Solvents Combined with an Enzyme Pretreatment

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