Decreased serum total cholesterol is associated with a history of childhood physical violence in depressed outpatients

Kraav, Siiri‐Liisi; Tolmunen, Tommi; Kärkkäinen, Olli; Ruusunen, Anu; Viinamäki, Heimo; Mäntyselkä, Pekka; Koivumaa‐Honkanen, Heli; Valkonen‐Korhonen, Minna; Honkalampi, Kirsi; Herzig, Karl‐Heinz; Lehto, Soili M.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.108

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…This founding is consistent with previous studies reporting the lower fatty acid levels might be related to violence [23,59]. Although earlier studies have reported the serum cholesterol, a subclass of lipid [60], is uncorrelated with violence [61,62], more recent studies have consistently found the increased violence risk is correlated with low cholesterol concentration [19,20,63] and polyunsaturated fatty acid [26,59]. Omega-3 supplement can reduce violent behaviours in children [25], young men [64], schizophrenia patients [26] and adult prisoners [23].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Earlier studies reported glycine mediates the defend reaction types in mouse behaviours [18]. In addition, low levels of cholesterol associated with aggression are frequently reported [19][20][21][22]. Recently, many studies have found dietary omega-3 supplementation can reduce violent behaviours in children, young men and schizophrenia patients [23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dysregulation of amino acids and lipids metabolism in schizophrenia with violence

Chen

Tang³

et al. 2020

BMC Psychiatry

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Background: Many studies have related biochemical characteristics to violence and have reported schizophrenia could elevated the risk of violent behaviour. However, the metabolic characteristics of schizophrenia patients with violence (V.SC) are unclear. Methods: To explore the metabolic characteristics of schizophrenia with violence and to identify potential biomarkers, untargeted metabolomics was performed by using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyse the plasma metabolites of fifty-three V.SC and twenty-four schizophrenia patients without violence (NV.SC). Multivariate and univariate analyses were performed to identify differential metabolites and biomarkers. Violence was assessed by the MacArthur Violence Assessment Study method. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Results: Multivariate analysis was unable to distinguish V.SC from NV.SC. Glycerolipid metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis were the differential metabolic pathways between V.SC and NV.SC. We confirmed ten metabolites and five metabolites as metabolic biomarkers of V.SC by random forest and support vector machine analysis, respectively. The biomarker panel, including the ratio of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid, vanillylmandelic acid and glutaric acid, yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.808. Conclusions: This study gives a holistic view of the metabolic phenotype of schizophrenia with violence which is characterized by the dysregulation of lipids and amino acids. These results might provide information for the aetiological understanding and management of violence in schizophrenia; however, this is a preliminary metabolomics study about schizophrenia with violence, which needs to be repeated in future studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dysregulation of amino acids and lipids metabolism in schizophrenia with violence

Chen

Tang³

et al. 2020

BMC Psychiatry

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“…More recently Deschênes et al (2018) reported that ACEs are indirectly associated with diabetes via depressive symptoms and cardio-metabolic dysregulations. The most recent study found decreased TC levels in adult outpatients with MDD with a childhood history of physical violence (Kraav et al, 2019). The same study found no differences in serum levels of HDL-C and LDL-C between the groups (Kraav et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most recent study found decreased TC levels in adult outpatients with MDD with a childhood history of physical violence (Kraav et al, 2019). The same study found no differences in serum levels of HDL-C and LDL-C between the groups (Kraav et al, 2019). In our present study, we could detect higher serum triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol levels in MDD patients who experienced childhood adversity compared to MDD patients without ELS.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently Deschênes et al (2018) reported that ACEs are indirectly associated with diabetes via depressive symptoms and cardio-metabolic dysregulations. While Kraav et al (2019) found decreased serum TC in depressed outpatients with a childhood history of physical violence. Importantly, most of these earlier studies – when they carried out the statistical analysis of their data – did not control for the effects of ELS, while it is well-known that the prevalence of ACEs is much higher in depressed patients compared to the general population, thus, the presence of ELS might be a confounding variable influencing the outcome of these investigations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Examining the Influence of Early Life Stress on Serum Lipid Profiles and Cognitive Functioning in Depressed Patients

et al. 2019

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Background: Early childhood adversity is a strong predictor of the development of major depressive disorder (MDD), but not all depressed patients experience early life stress (ELS). Cardio-metabolic diseases and cognitive deficits often coincide in MDD and worsen its course and outcome. Adverse childhood experiences have been associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but little is known on the impact of ELS on cardiovascular risk factors in MDD. Here, we examined MDD patients with and without ELS to explore the effects of ELS on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels and on cognitive performances of the patients. Methods: Participants with a mean age of 35 years (18-55 years) were recruited from the university mental health clinic and general community. Three groups, matched in age, gender and lifestyle were examined: MDD patients with ELS (n = 21), MDD patients without ELS (n = 21), and healthy controls (n = 20). The following CVD risk factors were assessed: serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-and lowdensity lipoproteins), body mass index and exercise in a typical week. MDD severity was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess early life adversities. Executive functions and attentional processes were assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting and Conners' Continuous Performance tests. Results: Major depressive disorder patients with ELS had higher serum triglyceride and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations compared to MDD patients without ELS. Linear regression analysis revealed that the severity of ELS had a significant negative association with HDL-cholesterol levels and significant positive associations with the serum levels of TG and TC/HDL-cholesterol index. We also found significant associations between some specific trauma types and lipid profiles. Finally, we could detect significant associations between depression severity and specific domains of the cognitive tests as well as between lipid profiles and certain domains of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, we could not detect any association between the severity of ELS and cognitive performance.

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Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences With Cardiovascular Disease Later in Life

et al. 2021

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xposure to adversity early in life has been linked to negative long-term health outcomes. The consequences in late life of these adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which include different forms of abuse, household dysfunction, and neglect, are now recognized. 1,2 ACEs have been traditionally related to an increased risk of psychological disturbances and substance use disorders. 3 The landmark Adverse Childhood Experiences study, authored by Felitti and colleagues 2 20 years ago, was the first study to propose that ACEs are also associated with the development of chronic physical conditions in adulthood, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since then, multiple studies have shown that traumatic events in childhood are associated with an increased likelihood of developing risk factors for CVD (eg, obesity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes) as well as CVD during the lifetime. 4 Interventions that mitigate the negative consequences of ACEs or prevent their initial onset may reduce the incidence of CVD. This narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding the association of ACEs with CVD and discusses possible pathophysiological mechanisms along with management approaches. ACE DefinitionACEs encapsulate a broad spectrum of traumatic and distressing events that threaten a child's physical, familial, or social safety and security before the age of 18 years. 4 These events may include direct mistreatment and neglect, exposure to household dysfunction, physical or sexual abuse, or violence. There are several methods of assessing ACEs. The initial Adverse Childhood Experiences study 2 introduced a 10-category ACE questionnaire to identify abuse, household dysfunction, or neglect up to age 18 years that is still used in its original and expanded versions. 5 Recently, additional factors, such as bullying, economic hardship, and loss of or severe disease in close persons, have also been recognized as ACEs (Table ). 6 ACEs tend to occur in clusters, such that individuals who experience at least 1 ACE are more likely to experience others, putting them at an even higher risk of poor future health. 7 Multiple ACEs may suggest a chaotic family environment that places not only individuals at risk but also family members, eliciting a potentially vicious cycle of intergenerational risk. 8 IMPORTANCE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are potentially harmful events that occur during childhood, spanning neglect, physical or sexual abuse, parental separation, or death, among others. At least 50% of the US adult population has experienced 1 or more ACEs before the age of 18 years, but in clinical practice, ACEs remain underrecognized. Adults who have experienced ACEs are at increased risk of developing health risk behaviors and, ultimately, cardiovascular disease (CVD). This review summarizes the evidence regarding the association of ACEs with CVD and the accompanying diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in the adult population.OBSERVATIONS ACEs are commonly classified into 3 domains: abuse (psychological, phys...

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Decreased serum total cholesterol is associated with a history of childhood physical violence in depressed outpatients

Abstract: Decreased serum total cholesterol is associated with a history of childhood physical violence in depressed outpatients, Psychiatry Research (2018), doi: https://doi.

Cited by 18 publications

References 50 publications

Dysregulation of amino acids and lipids metabolism in schizophrenia with violence

Dysregulation of amino acids and lipids metabolism in schizophrenia with violence

Examining the Influence of Early Life Stress on Serum Lipid Profiles and Cognitive Functioning in Depressed Patients

Association of Adverse Childhood Experiences With Cardiovascular Disease Later in Life

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