Decision-making in amnesia: Do advantageous decisions require conscious knowledge of previous behavioural choices?

Gutbrod, Klemens; Krouzel, Claudine; Hofer, Helene; Müri, René M.; Perrig, Walter J.; Ptak, Radek

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.01.014

Cited by 83 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Similar forms of "nonconscious" emotional learning in amnesic patients have been shown using a variety of different tasks, including preserved conditioned responses during a fear conditioning paradigm (19), preserved learning of the advantageous strategy on a gambling task (20; but see refs. 21,22), and preserved affective associations for different people using variations of a "Good Guy-Bad Guy" paradigm (23)(24)(25). Analogous results have also been obtained in patients with Alzheimer's disease (26)(27)(28) and even in rats with amnesia (29).…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

Sustained experience of emotion after loss of memory in patients with amnesia

Feinstein

Duff

Tranel

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Can the experience of an emotion persist once the memory for what induced the emotion has been forgotten? We capitalized on a rare opportunity to study this question directly using a select group of patients with severe amnesia following circumscribed bilateral damage to the hippocampus. The amnesic patients underwent a sadness induction procedure (using affectively-laden film clips) to ascertain whether their experience of sadness would persist beyond their memory for the sadness-inducing films. The experiment showed that the patients continued to experience elevated levels of sadness well beyond the point in time at which they had lost factual memory for the film clips. A second experiment using a happiness induction procedure yielded similar results, suggesting that both positive and negative emotional experiences can persist independent of explicit memory for the inducing event. These findings provide direct evidence that a feeling of emotion can endure beyond the conscious recollection for the events that initially triggered the emotion.declarative memory | emotional memory | memory erasure | implicit memory | hippocampus A large body of work has investigated the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms underlying the influence of emotion on memory (1-9). Yet, very little is known about the opposite relationship, namely, how memory impacts emotion. † One especially intriguing question is whether the sustained experience of emotion is dependent upon, versus independent of, intact declarative memory for the events that initially caused the emotion. Consider the following real-life examples: the death of a close friend or family member, the fall of the twin towers, the end of a romantic relationship-these are all events capable of eliciting an intense and prolonged state of emotion such as sadness. In these previous examples, the experience of sadness and the memory for the sadness-inducing event are often inseparable, fused together within our stream of consciousness as we ruminate, regret, and repeatedly replay the event (10, 11). The tight fusion between emotion and memory is well known to those suffering from affective disorders. For example, individuals with depression or posttraumatic stress disorder show a striking tendency to ruminate about the causes of their negative affect, which in turn escalates and prolongs their emotional pain and suffering (12-14). Thus, there are compelling reasons to predict that the persistence of an emotional experience, such as sadness, is highly dependent on remembering the emotioninducing event.However, what would happen to the feeling of an emotion if we could no longer remember the emotion-inducing event? Would the feeling fade away in parallel with the vanquished memory? Alternatively, is it possible that the feeling could persist without the memory? To answer these questions, an experiment needs to be devised that can disconnect the experience of an emotion from the memory for what caused the emotion. In healthy people with normal memory, a reliable disconnection...

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supporting

confidence: 55%

Sustained experience of emotion after loss of memory in patients with amnesia

Feinstein

Duff

Tranel

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Importantly, those with ASD are impaired in empathising, which is revealed by poor performance on FER tasks. In addition, as performance on the decision making task depends on intact explicit memory for the formation of somatic markers, several memory tasks will provide a measure of explicit memory, as well as investigating specific memory patterns in individuals with ASD (Guillaume et al, 2009;Gutbrod et al, 2006). These memory patterns have not yet been investigated in adults with epilepsy, and these experiments aim to fill this gap in the research.…”

Section: Main Research Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Autistic characteristics in adults with epilepsy

Wakeford

Hinvest

Ring

et al. 2014

Epilepsy & Behavior

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“…Nevertheless, our finding of robust value signals in CA1 is also consistent with the possibility that the hippocampus is actively involved in representing action values in a dynamic environment. There also exists evidence that patients with bilateral hippocampal damages are impaired in making decisions adaptively (Gutbrod et al, 2006;Gupta et al, 2009). Thus, although relatively little attention has been paid to the hippocampus in formulating neural mechanisms underlying value-based decision making so far, the hippocampus might be part of core neural systems in charge of value-based decision making.…”

Section: Role Of Hippocampus In Value-based Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal Neural Correlates for Values of Experienced Events

Lee

Ghim²,

Kim

et al. 2012

J. Neurosci.

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Newly experienced events are often remembered together with how rewarding the experiences are personally. Although the hippocampus is a candidate structure where subjective values are integrated with other elements of episodic memory, it is uncertain whether and how the hippocampus processes value-related information. We examined how activity of dorsal CA1 and dorsal subicular neurons in rats performing a dynamic foraging task was related to reward values that were estimated using a reinforcement learning model. CA1 neurons carried significant signals related to action values before the animal revealed its choice behaviorally, indicating that the information on the expected values of potential choice outcomes was available in CA1. Moreover, after the outcome of the animal's goal choice was revealed, CA1 neurons carried robust signals for the value of chosen action and they temporally overlapped with the signals related to the animal's goal choice and its outcome, indicating that all the signals necessary to evaluate the outcome of an experienced event converged in CA1. On the other hand, value-related signals were substantially weaker in the subiculum. These results suggest a major role of CA1 in adding values to experienced events during episodic memory encoding. Given that CA1 neuronal activity is modulated by diverse attributes of an experienced event, CA1 might be a place where all the elements of episodic memory are integrated.

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Decision-making in amnesia: Do advantageous decisions require conscious knowledge of previous behavioural choices?

Cited by 83 publications

References 34 publications

Sustained experience of emotion after loss of memory in patients with amnesia

Sustained experience of emotion after loss of memory in patients with amnesia

Autistic characteristics in adults with epilepsy

Hippocampal Neural Correlates for Values of Experienced Events

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