Decision making, impulsivity and time perception

Wittmann, Marc; Paulus, Martin P.

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.004

Cited by 478 publications

(416 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…In this respect, however, it is important to underline the notion that impulsive choices may arise in some individuals because of a differential perception of time itself (Wittmann and Paulus, 2008) and/or reinforcing rate during a task (see e.g. Gallistel and Gibbon, 2000;Podlesnik and Shahan, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive impulsivity in animal models: Role of response time and reinforcing rate in delay intolerance with two-choice operant tasks

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tImpulsivity, a key symptom of ADHD (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), is also common in obsessive-compulsive and addictive disorders. There is rising interest in animal models of inhibitorycontrol impairment. Adolescent rats were tested daily in the intolerance-to-delay (ID) task (session 25 min, timeout 20 s), involving choice between either immediate small amount of food (SS), or larger amount of food after a delay (LL). The mixed 5-HT(1A/7) agonist (8-OH-DPAT, 0 or 0.060 mg/kg i.p.) was administered acutely just before the last three sessions at highest delays. In addition to the classical choice parameter (percent LL preference), the spontaneous waiting (termed response time, RT) occurring between end of a timeout (TO) and next nose-poke was calculated. The pace between consecutive reinforcer deliveries is given by the mean inter-trial interval (mITI, i.e. TO þ RT). Hence, the impact of any given delay may be proportional to this pace and be expressed as delay-equivalent odds, i.e. the extent by which delays are multiples of the mITI. Data revealed that RT/mITI increased sharply from around 15 s/ 35 s to around 30 s/50 s when imposed delay changed from 30 s to 45 s (i.e. odds from 0.91 to 1.06). This suggests that rats adopted a strategy allowing them to keep in pace with perceived reinforcing rate. The increasing delay constraint directly influenced the length of rats' spontaneous waiting (RT) before next decision. For higher delays, with odds >1, rats shifted to a clear-cut SS preference, which is devoid of any exogenous temporal constraint. A challenge with 8-OH-DPAT (0 or 0.060 mg/kg i.p.) decreased impulsive choice but also increased RT. Thus, tapping onto 5-HT(1A/7) receptors slightly enhanced RT/mITI values, possibly reflecting ability of rats to cope with slower reinforcing rates and/or with delay-cancelled reward paces. In summary, delay-induced states of aversion may arise from the innate tendency to rely on a regular rate of reinforcement. Conversely, a drug-enhanced capacity to cope with delay may involve an internal ability to adjust expectancy about such a reinforcing rate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive impulsivity in animal models: Role of response time and reinforcing rate in delay intolerance with two-choice operant tasks

et al. 2010

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“…Sin embargo, queda por explorar el rol mediador que puede tener el PE en el desarrollo de la inhibición: ¿una mayor PE contribuye a una mayor inhibición en la edad preescolar? Se ha establecido cierta relación entre los procesos de percepción temporal, descuento temporal y la impulsividad, tanto en adultos (Wittmann & Paulus, 2008) como en población infantil, -especialmente su rol en el défi cit de atención con hiperactividad (Toplak, Dockstader, & Tannock, 2006). Así, se vuelve de interés futuro explorar la relación directa entre inhibición, impulsividad, percepción del tiempo y PE, en tanto este estudio muestra que la PE contribuye parcialmente para el éxito en las tareas de postergación de la gratifi cación.…”

Section: Discusión Generalunclassified

La previsión episódica en la etapa pre-escolar: equivalencia entre medidas y su relación con los procesos de orientación futura y la teoría de la mente

Echeverría¹

2015

Psicol. Reflex. Crit.

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ResumenEste trabajo examina la equivalencia entre diferentes medidas de previsión episódica y su relación con los procesos orientados a futuro, y la teoría de la mente en la edad pre-escolar. Los procesos orientados a futuro y la previsión episódica (PE), han sido señalados como componentes importantes para ciertos logros evolutivos como la planifi cación, la auto-regulación y adaptación social. También se ha postulado que pensamiento futuro episódico y teoría de la mente están relacionados, en virtud de su sustrato neural compartido. El primer estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar la coherencia de desarrollo entre las medidas de PE, y de estas con la postergación de la gratifi cación auto-impuesta controlando según la aptitud general de razonamiento, y participaron 15 niños de 3 y 4 años. El segundo, tuvo por objetivo explorar la relación entre PE, los procesos orientados a futuro, la teoría de la mente controlando según lenguaje, participando 78 niños de 4 años. Los resultados muestran que las diferentes medidas para evaluar la PE son equivalentes. También se encontró un alto grado de coherencia comportamental entre las medidas evaluadas. Sin embargo, los datos no aportan evidencia evolutiva que permitan incluir a la PE dentro de los constructos más amplios estudiados. Palabras clave: Previsión episódica, procesos de orientación futura, Teoría de la Mente, cognición episódica, prospección. AbstractThis paper explores the equivalence between episodic foresight measures and its relationship with future oriented processes and the theory of mind in preschoolers. Future oriented processes and episodic foresight have been indicated as a grounding basis of important developmental achievements such as planning, self-regulation and social adaptation. Also, it was postulated that the theory of mind and episodic foresight are related due to a shared common neural substrate. The objective of the fi rst study, in which 15 children aged 3 and 4 participated, was to explore the developmental coherence between episodic foresight measures and the self-imposed delay of gratifi cation controlled by the reasoning ability. In Study 2, 78 children were tested in episodic foresight, future oriented processes and theory of mind controlled by the language ability. Results show that the different measures of episodic foresight are highly equivalent. Also, in both studies a high behavioral coherence between all the measures analyzed was found. Nevertheless, data do not support the inclusion of episodic foresight in the broader constructs studied.

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“…Uncertainty coding has been observed mainly in lateral frontal-particularly orbitofrontalareas (Huettel, Stowe, Gordon, Warner, & Platt, 2006;Tobler et al, 2007). One example of current research on option selection that is of special relevance to our topic is the field of intertemporal decision making-that is, the influence of a reward or punishment delay on option selection (Wittmann & Paulus, 2008). Generally, the subjective value of rewards decreases (is discounted) with delay, according to a hyperbolic function where the slope of the function varies between individuals (Ainslie, 2001).…”

Section: Option Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weakness of will, akrasia, and the neuropsychiatry of decision making: An interdisciplinary perspective

Kalis

Mojzisch

Schweizer

et al. 2008

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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Decision making, impulsivity and time perception

Cited by 478 publications

References 63 publications

Cognitive impulsivity in animal models: Role of response time and reinforcing rate in delay intolerance with two-choice operant tasks

Cognitive impulsivity in animal models: Role of response time and reinforcing rate in delay intolerance with two-choice operant tasks

La previsión episódica en la etapa pre-escolar: equivalencia entre medidas y su relación con los procesos de orientación futura y la teoría de la mente

Weakness of will, akrasia, and the neuropsychiatry of decision making: An interdisciplinary perspective

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