Deciphering The Emerging Role of Programmed Cell Death in Diabetic Wound Healing

Abstract

Diabetic wounds are characterized by delayed and incomplete healing. As one of the most common complications of diabetes, diabetic wounds can be fatal in some cases. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an active and ordered cell death mode determined by genes, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. It is currently believed that PCD plays a crucial role in diabetic wound healing. Diabetic hyperglycemic environments can lead to abnormal PCD in various cells during healing processes, thereby affecting the activity and function of cells and interfering with diabetic wound healing. Therefore, this review focuses on the new roles and mechanisms of PCD in diabetic wound healing. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives related to PCD in diabetic wound healing are presented, which will bring new insights to improve diabetic wound healing.

Upregulation of rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol metabolism by PKCδ mediates endothelial apoptosis in diabetic wound healing

“…Our previous studies have illustrated potential mechanisms underlying impaired collage deposition and disordered angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing [ 39 – 41 ]. Programmed cell death, which includes apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis, has been shown to play an important role in diabetic wound healing [ 42 , 43 ]. Diabetes causes endothelial cell apoptosis, which impairs angiogenesis and wound healing [ 5 , 44 ].…”

Extracellular vesicles in skin health, diseases, and aging

“…The ESCs derived EVs were enriched in miRNAs associated with phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and TGF‐β pathways. Ferroptosis, a recently identified form of cell death characterized by excessive free ferrous ions (Fe 2+ ) in cells and lipid peroxidation, has garnered attention for its pathogenic and therapeutic implications in diabetic wounds 142–144 . Cui et al.…”