Decentralized Systems

Abstract

A review of the literature published in 2009 on topics relating to decentralized water systems. Decentralized systems are designed with less than fully centralized collection and treatment for various benefits. Although these systems serve diverse needs, they have common characteristics, such as remote monitoring, control, and quality verification, such that study of these systems might provide benefit in their future evaluation, design, and implementation.

Engineered nanomaterials for water treatment and remediation: Costs, benefits, and applicability

“…In contrast to traditional technologies the effectiveness of many nano-based methods can be improved via particle modification [269,339,385,399], and their cost may be lowered by industrial-scale production and the development of synthesis methods that consider cheaper feedstock and less energy. In addition, many nano-based technologies allow for reuse, often require lesser amount of space, can offer reduced toxic intermediate formation, and are adaptable to support the emerging concept of water treatment decentralization [10,11,500]. Many nano-based treatment technologies have been shown to perform well as complements to or substitutes for traditional treatment technologies [277,306,501].…”

A Retrospective Analysis of the Role of Isolated and Mini Grids in Power System Development

“…In many cases, off grid systems are an economic electrification alternative for these areas, especially where public funds have proven insufficient to provide central grid electricity. As of 2013, approximately 10,154 villages and hamlets have been electrified through mini grid systems under the Remote Village Electrification Program (RVEP) (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 2017) (Norton 2010). Many renewable-based private mini-grid models have emerged as a means of reducing energy poverty in the country.…”

The Economics of Sustainable Urban Water Management: the Case of Beijing

“…Some carry out the comparison between centralized and decentralized water treatment sys-tems from the point of view of technology (Norton 2009;Wilderer and Schreff 2000), and others make the comparison from the perspective of cost (Fane et al 2002;Gratziou et al 2005;Jia et al 2005;Wang et al 2008). Rarely centralized and decentralized wastewater reuse systems are compared from the perspectives of economics.…”