Decentralized Demand-Side Contribution to Primary Frequency Control

Molina‐García, Ángel; Bouffard, François; Kirschen, Daniel

doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2010.2048223

Cited by 432 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Frequency regulation by controlling load side demand is proposed in [5]. But this method is not viable for large power systems with multiple load centers and generating units.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observer based sliding mode frequency control for multi-machine power systems with high renewable energy

Tummala¹,

Inapakurthi²,

Ramanarao³

2018

J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy

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With the global consciousness of climate change, renewable energy systems are prioritized over the conventional energy systems. The deep injection of renewables into the power systems is creating several challenges to the grid due to wide variations in their output power depending on the time of the day, weather etc. Of these challenges, frequency change plays a vital role in maintaining the power quality. This paper presents a novel sliding mode controller with non-linear disturbance observer to effectively mitigate the wide changes in the frequency. A sliding mode surface based on estimated disturbance along with states is designed. A sliding mode control law is proposed to compensate disturbances including variations in renewables, load and parameters under mismatched uncertainties. The proposed observer based controller is tested for three area multi-machine power system in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulated results proved to alleviate the frequency variations effectively compared to the conventional controllers.

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“…Frequency regulation by controlling load side demand is proposed in [5]. But this method is not viable for large power systems with multiple load centers and generating units.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observer based sliding mode frequency control for multi-machine power systems with high renewable energy

Tummala¹,

Inapakurthi²,

Ramanarao³

2018

J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy

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“…Unlike most generation units, loads can respond to control signals almost instantaneously [5] and the development of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) [6] has made real-time load control achievable if appropriate control signals are provided. Many control strategies such as [7]- [10] adjust loads based on local frequency, enabling loads to mimic the natural response of synchronous generators. These approaches have been shown to improve the primary frequency response of the grid in both simulations and in small-scale field tests [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A practical integration of automatic generation control and Demand Response

Shiltz

Annaswamy

2016

2016 American Control Conference (ACC)

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Abstract-For a power grid to operate properly, electrical frequency must be continuously maintained close to its nominal value. Increasing penetration of distributed generation, such as solar and wind generation, introduces fluctuations in active power while also reducing the natural inertial response of the electricity grid, creating reliability concerns. While frequency regulation has traditionally been achieved by controlling generators, the control of Demand Response resources has been recognized in recent smart grid literature as an efficient means for providing additional regulation capability. To this end, several control methodologies have been proposed recently, but various features of these proposals make their practical implementations difficult. In this paper, we propose a new control algorithm that facilitates optimal frequency regulation through direct control of both generators and Demand Response, while addressing several issues that prevent practical implementation of other proposals. In particular, i) our algorithm is ideal for control over a large, low-bandwidth network as communication and measurement is only required every 2 seconds, ii) it enables Demand Response resources to recover energy lost during system transients, and iii) it accommodates both measured disturbances and unmeasured disturbances. We demonstrate the viability of our approach through dynamic simulations on a 118-bus grid model.

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“…Large frequency deviation may threaten the stability and security of the power system, or even worse, cause permanent damage to the facilities [1] [2]. Hence balancing generation with load and regulating frequency at the normal level has been a significant topic in power system operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Loads are typically controlled via load-shedding, where a whole region of loads are disconnected from the grid by a underfrequency load-shedding (UFLS) relay as a last resort to avoid system failure [2] [10]. However, additional granularity can be achieved by individual loads to be controlled.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trudnowski et al assumed the loads can be adjusted proportionally to frequency deviations, and investigated multiple issues such as the distribution of loads, time delay and discretized load action [5]. Molina-Garcia et al studied the aggregated load response characteristics when each load is turned on and off as the frequency goes across some thresholds [2]. The Grid Friendly Appliance controller [14] developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory suggests that individual appliances can provide fast reserve within seconds by responding to certain trends in the frequency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency-based load control in power systems

Zhao

Topcu

Low

2012

2012 American Control Conference (ACC)

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Abstract-Maintaining demand-supply balance and regulating frequency are key issues in power system control. Conventional approaches focus on adjusting the generation so that it follows the load. However, relying on solely regulating generation is inefficient, especially for power systems where contingencies like a sudden loss in generation or a sudden change in load frequently occur. We present a frequency-based load control scheme for demand-supply balancing and frequency regulation. We formulate a load control optimization problem which aims to balance the change in load with the change in supply while minimizing the overall end-use disutility. By studying the power system model that characterizes the frequency response to real power imbalance between demand and supply, we design decentralized synchronous and asynchronous algorithms which take advantage of local frequency measurements to solve the load control problem. Case studies show that the proposed load control scheme is capable of relatively quickly balancing the power and restoring the frequency under generation-loss like contingencies, even when users only have the knowledge of a simplified system model instead of an accurate one.

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Decentralized Demand-Side Contribution to Primary Frequency Control

Cited by 432 publications

References 17 publications

Observer based sliding mode frequency control for multi-machine power systems with high renewable energy

Observer based sliding mode frequency control for multi-machine power systems with high renewable energy

A practical integration of automatic generation control and Demand Response

Frequency-based load control in power systems

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