tuberculosis reactivation, such as smoking, alcohol intake, poor living conditions, malnutrition, contacts with sputum smear positive patients, HIV, kidney dialysis, organ transplantation, etc. (3,4). On the other hand, lack of systems and tools to monitor and treat TB patients in some high-incidence countries and international migration flows might both increase the global TB incidence rate (5,6). Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) has generated lots of